Why did Pizza Hut in the United States file for bankruptcy, but Pizza Hut in China was not affected?为什么美国的必胜客申请破产,而中国必胜客不受影响?

Because Chinese Pizza Hut and American Pizza Hut are not the same father! China Pizza Hut belongs to Yum China, and its big killer is the right to operate independently. So you don't have to worry about not being able to eat Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut China has also responded that it will not be affected in China. Unlike the closing of stores in the United States, because of the decentralization of Pizza Hut in China, including direct sales and franchising in mainland China, Pizza Hut in China allows its business to fly freely! In terms of product scarcity, China’s Pizza Hut once created a thinking inertia for everyone in the advertisement, causing everyone to think it was Western food when they saw the advertisement. What is the easiest thing to think of for Western food? KFC, McDonald's, and Pizza Hut. Saw the pizza, it's from Pizza Hut! Seeing Pizza Hut means eating pizza! This is equivalent to automatically playing an advertisement in your mind when you are struggling with what to eat... Moreover, Pizza Hut has improved in the Chinese market, which is more suitable for the tastes of Chinese consumers and adapted to the Chinese market. So it has arrogant capital. It can not only not close the store, but also expand new stores! You have to ask, who is Yum China? Let me explain to you. It is a giant, the largest catering operation company in China. It is the franchisee of Yum! Brands in mainland China, formerly known as Yum! Brands China Division. Among the investors you are more familiar with are Hillhouse Capital, Primavera Capital, and Ant Financial. Let’s understand with an example. Your KFC also belongs to Yum China and has franchise rights. It is going strong, not only KFC, but also Dongfang Dingbai and Little Sheep... Although the catering industry as a whole is facing difficulties this year, Yum China can still maintain profitability! It has developed against the wind and expanded 169 stores... In the first half of the year, Yum China's total operating income reached 25.883 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 17.43%; net profit was 1.373 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of over 51.5%. However, they are still in a state of profitability as a whole... This refers to our takeaway, which saved KFC and Pizza Hut. The takeaway business was originally small, but it became invincible when the epidemic came. Yum China mentioned in the financial report that the takeaway and takeout business accounted for more than 50% of the company's sales in the second quarter. Got it, in the second quarter, half of Yum China's orders came from takeaways. Yum China also has a nirvana, which can restore blood! This year, Yum China's membership sales have achieved double-digit growth! It directly accounts for 60% of the overall sales; NPC International is not so lucky, and its takeaways are not as popular as in China. Most of the 300 stores that have been completely closed in the United States are dine-in restaurants... so don't worry! Eat the pizza! Let's play music and dance!

Why do you say that China must win and the United States must lose? The United States is the pacesetter and leader of Western civilization. The decline and decline of the United States also means the decline of Western civilization, and the decline of Western civilization mainly refers to the decline of the United States. The confidence and confidence of Western civilization is their technology, so today, we will focus on talking about why the Chinese civilization must dominate the world from the aspect of technology?
Because, Western civilization is really nothing great, so next, I will explain the internal fundamental reasons in detail from the aspects of civilization and cultural genes.
First, the success and prosperity of Western civilization is based on the history of enslaving and invading hundreds of millions of people in Asia, Africa and Latin America for hundreds of years. Even if it dates back to the Crusades, why not? Bandit logic is simply in their genes. It is no exaggeration to describe their affluent life with human blood steamed buns. From the genocide of the Indians to the slave trade in Africa, from the colonization of India to the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Allied Forces, from the Gulf War to the invasion of Afghanistan, from the destruction of Libya to the bombing of Syria, these are masterpieces of outstanding representatives of technological civilization. I ask, what's so great about it? If these Westerners have a human heart and humanity, a conscience and a sense of shame, what kind of face do they have to live on this planet? What face do they have to meet God? I really can't believe that God is such a bloodthirsty and cruel existence. If so, it can only be said that the entire Western civilization is the embodiment of the devil. Therefore, their success is not only nothing special, but also shameful and sinful.
On the other hand, if we look back at the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, which country or nation has been enslaved by our aggression? Have we ever had historical records of being proud of aggressing and enslaving other countries? It is not an exaggeration to say that the history of our civilization is a long history of defending our homeland against foreign aggression. The DNA of aggression against others has never existed in our cultural genes. Being kind to others and coexisting harmoniously is the true foundation of our Chinese civilization.
Second, if your technological civilization is so good, why do you still use it to invade and enslave others? Why don't you bring harmony, abundance, and peace to others? Ordinarily, the technology that the West is proud of should be used to achieve other nations rather than destroy and enslave the whole world. Therefore, the most essential core of science and technology is the tool of enslavement and aggression. According to the reincarnation of heaven, the only possibility for this world to reach hell together through technological civilization. We "learn skills from barbarians to control barbarians" and vigorously develop science and technology, not so much for prosperity and strength, but in fact, is it a counterattack against these evil and anti-human civilizations as a last resort? Therefore, technology is not for the benefit of mankind, but a tool for enslavement and aggression. The prosperity of a few people is based on the suffering of the vast majority. What is relied on is technology. Isn't the outstanding masterpiece of science and technology just a strong ship and a sharp gun? What they have brought to mankind has never been any gospel, only endless suffering.
Thirdly, compared with tens of hundreds of years ago, scientific and technological civilization is already so developed. It is reasonable to say that communism and human unity have already been realized, but what about the United States, the pacesetter and leader of scientific and technological civilization? Isn't it still the same deliberate and thoughtful thinking about oppressing and enslaving developing countries, and even denying allies of the same clan, isn't it the same brutal harvest? This is the truth and its wonderful demeanor that technological civilization is showing to mankind. Technology has long been reduced to a tool of enslavement and aggression, a tool of destroying human nature and hearts, and a tool of destroying the natural ecology. Even so, the United States has seized all the advantages of science and technology, but it is not getting stronger and stronger, but why is it declining? Shouldn't technology be omnipotent? Therefore, science and technology is a false proposition, and science and technology can never solve the fundamental problems of mankind. The decline of the United States is the demonstration of the last fig leaf of science and technology. It is the true appearance of restoring the spirit of scientific civilization to return science to a tool for understanding the world view, rather than a tool for aggression and slavery.
Fourth, what is the fundamental difference between Chinese and Western civilizations? In layman's terms, the subtext of the spirit of Western civilization is that I can only be good if you are not good; while the core tenet of the spirit of Chinese civilization is that I can be good only when others are good. Why is this so? Because Western civilization believes that everyone is guilty, and they came to this world to atone for their sins, so it is conceivable that in everyone's heart, it is natural for others to be bad people, so everyone else is a bad person , it is obvious that only when the bad people are bad can the good people be safe! If the bad guys get well, they will definitely not be at peace. I think this is determined by the inherent cultural genes of Western civilization that want to invade and enslave others.
At the same time, the spirit of our Chinese civilization is that everyone can be Yao and Shun, and everyone should learn to be good. "If you want to establish yourself, you must first establish others, and if you want to achieve yourself, you must first reach others" is the inner cultural spirit of our Chinese civilization. Not only that (it is Chinese civilization), but the core essence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is based on the premise of fully considering others. Confucianism Emphasizing "benevolence" is to treat others in the same or even more important position as oneself; Taoism emphasizes "less selfishness and few desires", whether it is "less selfishness" or "fewer desires", it is for others to use. Buddhism regards the heart of others as our heart, and it talks about almost complete dedication, let alone. So, to sum it up, I can only be good when others are good.
Therefore, it is obvious that it is not difficult to understand why the Chinese civilization can become an endless and long-lasting existence on this planet. As long as we get along with us, we always want to put others first. Excuse me, with our civilized spirit, who would not want to be friends with us? As for Western civilization, it can be said that in the womb, it is thinking about aggressing and enslaving others. Excuse me, if this kind of person is not intimidated by their lust, who would be willing to be friends with them sincerely?
Fifth, on the other hand, according to the cycle of cause and effect, the sins of Western civilization are too serious, and the crimes committed are too numerous to record. If they rule the world, what is the reason? How can it be so popular? Which country's people will be satisfied with it from the bottom of their hearts? It's like letting a person who believes in burning, killing, plundering, slavery and aggression be your community director or village head. Can you eat and sleep peacefully? Therefore, their decline and demise were predestined by their sinful ancestors.
To sum up, Western civilization has plundered and enslaved the vast majority of countries in the world for hundreds of years with the tool of technology, so that technology has almost become the belief and endorsement of Western civilization, but tools are tools after all, and it cannot solve the problem. The fundamental problem of the development of human society, the decline of the United States is an example. When the oppressed nations also mastered this tool, Western civilization gradually lost its foundation of enslaving other countries. During this critical period, it is the Chinese civilization that fulfills its innate mission of awakening the awareness of oppressed nations all over the world, and it is also the historical responsibility of the Chinese civilization to shoulder the development of human civilization towards a bright future. We have seen that the Chinese civilization has basically achieved the goal of "learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians". Therefore, in the turbulent waves of major changes unseen in a century in the new era, for those people of all ethnic groups in the world who yearn for peace and yearn for a better life, China The spirit of civilization is the rain and rain for the harmonious coexistence of human beings, and the shining spirit of Chinese civilization will be the best choice for mankind.
Therefore, China must win and the United States must lose. That is to say, the decline of Western civilization and the prosperity of Chinese civilization will be an inevitable historical choice for the development of human society, and it is also the glorious and sacred mission of Chinese civilization to inherit human civilization.
(1) Who will "win without a fight"
As revealed by the concept of attention rituals, human beings are born animals that need a "sense of presence". Just like the relationship between people, the relationship between countries also revolves around the sense of presence—specifically expressed in the ranking of the international community—and Expanding, it can even be said that the country is naturally an entity that needs a sense of existence. Due to China's economic strength, the momentum continues to be optimistic, and the sense of presence of the US boss is relatively weak, causing menopausal discomfort. A short story about "envy, jealousy and hate":
Three people, let's call them A, B, and C, inadvertently rescued the giant monster imprisoned in the magic bottle. After the giant monster came out, he promised to grant each of them a wish. A said: I want a beautiful villa with one more bathroom than my best friend's house. B said: I want a beautiful blonde who is more beautiful than the wife of my best colleague. C's neighbor has a high-yield and high-quality cow, "I want this cow," he said to the bottle troll, "die immediately!"
This is not a joke. The Trump administration has publicly clamored to let China’s cows die, and its concrete manifestation is to instigate a new cold war against China. This is of course difficult. After all, China is not the Soviet Union of the past, the United States is not the United States of the past, and the world is not the world of the past. But taking a step back now, the United States successfully provoked a new cold war. For a while, China was surrounded by thousands of enemy troops. This will undoubtedly bring some discomfort to China, but the smog will eventually dissipate. To paraphrase the title of one of Nixon's monographs - "Victory without Fighting", but the protagonist is not the United States, but China!
The crux of the problem lies not in other places, but in the ideology and values drawn out by the United States as the new Cold War slaying knife, and it is directly manifested in the head position that the United States has clearly taken out to provoke troubles-the political system. That is to say, if a new cold war between China and the United States is inevitable, China will prevail over the United States because of its political system, in short, the east wind prevails over the west wind!
("Farewell, Western Economics - China's Plan for Building a Community of Destiny" was recommended by Dayou Bookstore of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China)
(2) "Confidence on the mountain top" has become a joke
Americans, especially white elites, are quite confident in their political system. To borrow a common phrase used by white elites, the American political system can be called the "lighthouse" of mankind, and the United States of America is the "country on a hill" for mankind. This is not a general description, and it has a lot of background. It is the content of Chapter 5, Section 14 of "Matthew": "You are the light of the world. A city built on a hill cannot be hidden." It is said that it was later used by the British North American Massachusetts John Winthrop, the first governor of the Bay Colony, wrote: "We shall be like a city upon a hill, and the eyes of the world shall be upon us."
But unfortunately, it is precisely on the issue of public power (government), which is the core of the political system, that not only the founding fathers of the United States were wrong, not only the American ancestors on the "Mayflower" were wrong, Not only is the new trend of thought in the Old World wrong, but generations of political philosophers throughout the history of Western thought have been wrong. None of them have really understood the origin, nature, and function of public power. Self-confidence, unequivocally reduced to a joke!
(3) Whether the "civil rights granted by the people" is established
Where does public power come from, how does it come from, and what role does it play? Before the Renaissance, the highest temple in Europe was the "divine right of kings". Simply put, public power was bestowed by God. But since the Renaissance, the theory of the divine right of kings has been thrown into the wastebasket step by step, especially after the bourgeois revolution, it has been replaced by "civil rights granted by the people". What about? The most mainstream explanation should be said to be the social contract theory proposed by the 17th-century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his political monograph Leviathan. There is a popular saying called "people are like wolves to people", which comes from "Leviathan", which belongs to his core view of human nature. In order to end the "natural state" in which people are like wolves to humans, Hobbes believes that individuals must transfer part of their power, and construct a public power through the social contract of all members, so as to protect everyone from danger and get out of the natural state. Leviathan writes:
"To entrust all the power and strength of all to one person or to a group of many people who can convert the will of all into one will by the opinion of the majority."
This is the social contract, that is, "civil rights granted by the people", through social contracts, the formation of public rights granted by the people! "Leviathan" is a typical representative of the theory of civil rights and civil rights, and it is also a pioneer in a certain sense. This is an important reason why Hobbes is known as the "father of modern political science". In fact, after the divine right of kings was torn apart, modern political philosophy has moved toward the right of the people, not only because of the absurdity of the theory of divine right, but also because of the overall interests on which public power is based. This is even evident in the name "Leviathan". Leviathan was originally a powerful sea monster mentioned in the "Old Testament". Hobbes' intention was the so-called "national whole". The so-called overall interests are originally the overall interests of all the people—since it is the overall interests of the entire people, the public power based on the overall interests is of course granted by the people, so why doubt it?
(4) The overall interest is actually a "gift from God"
But Moscow does not believe in tears. In science, there is no room for taking anything for granted. Public power is based on the overall interests of the country, and it is indeed closely related to all the people, but the theory of civil power and the people is not accurate, and it is a big mistake. "Eternal hatred" is so wrong that it is almost unforgivable!
The reason is simple. The overall interests of the country are not granted by the people, but transcend the existence of individual citizens, and also transcend the existence of any majority of citizens. They are not simply determined by the number of individuals. Let's look at the facts first:
There is a meadow with no owner, and the surrounding herdsmen graze freely. Because there is no owner, so there is no compensation. Every herdsman hopes to graze as many cattle and sheep as possible. As a result, the number of cattle and sheep increases uncontrollably, the grassland is seriously overloaded, and the quality drops sharply. Finally, it becomes a barren land, and the cattle and sheep are hungry. Death, the herdsmen went bankrupt one by one.
This is the "tragedy of the commons", which irrefutably shows the objective existence of the overall interests. How many cattle and sheep are most suitable for a piece of pasture, and what amount is the total amount to control, which not only ensures that the fertility of the pasture is not wasted, but also ensures the pasture itself. The regenerative ability, which is the overall public interest of the grassland, is not a matter of opinion, but a technical issue. There is no dispute, and it does not depend on the will of any herdsman or the will of any majority of herdsmen.
Just as the overall interests of the pastures are closely related to all herdsmen, the overall interests of the pastures are not granted by the herdsmen, nor are the overall interests of the country awarded by the citizens. Taking a step back, the citizens may grant other public rights, but the overall interests of the country are never granted by the citizens. Not only the overall interests of the country, but the overall interests of any human organization are by no means granted by the people, but derived from the most basic logical common sense-the inability to circulate "self" certificates (attention rituals), belongs to "heavenly grants"! This divine gift is not that divine gift, it is neither superstitious nor mysterious, that is, it is not an acquired choice, but a predestined nature. Because of the inability to prove itself in a circular way, "I" has to "see" myself through "other" people. "Other" people are not "outside" people, but a part of "I". overall benefit. Because people are born as a whole, everything that is connected with people will inevitably become the whole and the interests of the whole.
(5) Western-style democracy: the inescapable "agent's dilemma"
Inadequate understanding of the transcendental integrity of human nature leads to inaccurate understanding of the overall interests of the country, leading to the seemingly natural, specious, and even erroneous theory of granting rights to the people, and Western political theory has since deviated from the right path. Since then, political practice has also deviated from the right path, and both of them have gone on crooked ways. This is concentrated in the so-called "democracy"!
Do you want to deny democracy? Democracy is self-evident, the right that we are all born equal. All of these, plus some more, are all admitted, but there is a prerequisite, that is, what is concerned is individual interests. To be more clear, the original meaning of democracy is individual interests and the people's autonomy, just like the saying "the wind can enter, The Western proverb "The rain can enter, but the king cannot enter" strongly reminds that the land of the people is decided by the people.
But the current situation is that there are overall interests besides individual interests, so who is in charge? This is the essence of the problem! Since it is everyone's common overall interest, of course it is the people who make the decisions. Is this also a problem? This is exactly the origin of Western democracy. It is not aimed at individual interests and the autonomy of the people, but at the interests of the whole; In the interest of the whole?
Since it is in everyone's interests, of course we all come together to make decisions, and even act together. Thirty or fifty people can make decisions at the same time, but in a large group, especially a country, when the number of people exceeds a certain number, it is bound to be unable to perform any actions at the same time. What to do - the agent is inevitable, the agent's corruption and even the agent's control, and even the agent's rebellion, all follow, inevitable! Theoretically speaking, no matter how sound the democracy in which the interests of the people as a whole are determined, it is impossible to transcend the nature of agency, and thus cannot get rid of the "agent's dilemma".
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6) Western-style democracy: the undiminished "tyranny of the majority"
Since the proxy dilemma is unavoidable, the proxy should be canceled altogether, and all decisions on the overall interests of the country should be voted on every time, even in a referendum. Regardless of whether it is operable for the time being, is voting suitable for the overall interests of the country? Technically speaking, every citizen wants to be the master, and even N people have N+1 kinds of plans to be the master. Nothing to do! Only resignation to fate, only resignation to fate, is no different from divination and asking divination - this is not alarmist talk! The "October Surprise" is manifested in the year of the U.S. election. According to U.S. election rules, the last month before the official voting in the presidential election is often October of that year. Unexpected events in October often affect the election, and even change the process and results of the election. , the so-called October Surprise, reflecting the unreliability, contingency and irrationality of universal suffrage.
What's more deadly is that voting by the minority is born to obey the majority. Isn't it "tyranny of the majority"? But since it is the common interests of everyone, since it is the sovereignty of the people, and all people are born equal, why should the rights of the minority be sacrificed to the majority? It is obvious that Western-style democracy not only leads to the "proxy dilemma", but also not only leads to "tyranny of the majority" due to voting, the most serious consequence is the disintegration of the whole!
If the country, including other human organizations, implements the so-called democracy, the result can only be separation, and even become a mess in the end. Every citizen is a democracy. So why hasn't democracy actually led to disunity? The crux is that it is not a real democracy, but a tyranny of the majority over the minority! On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum on "Brexit" that attracted worldwide attention, and the supporters won with a narrow margin of 3.8%. Isn't that the tyranny of the majority? The implementation of the "Electoral College" system in the U.S. presidential election can be regarded as some kind of restraint and even correction of "majority doctrine", but "majority doctrine" is still a modification of the direct "tyranny of the majority".
Because of the taken-for-granted "granting of civil rights to the people", the essence of Western-style democracy is that the overall interests of the people are the masters of the people. In theory, it has entered a misunderstanding, but in practice it has fallen into a quagmire. Calling it a joke is a disgrace to human wisdom! Taking the pastures involved in the tragedy of the commons as an example, within the safety line of the total amount of grazing, neither wasting the pasture’s reproductive capacity nor destroying the pasture’s self-renewal ability, so as to achieve the maximum output of the pasture’s overall interests is purely a question. Wouldn't it be absurd to vote on technical issues at every turn?
(7) The origin of public power: the overall interests belong to "one"
How to deal with the overall interests? In addition to the gift of heaven, there is another distinctive feature of the overall interests, that is, indivisible. Taking the grassland involved in the tragedy of the commons as an example, the herdsmen can decide the number of cattle and sheep to graze according to their own ability. Because of different abilities, the number of cattle and sheep to be grazed by each herdsman is also different, but the overall benefit has one and only one , is to control the total amount of cattle and sheep grazing, which not only ensures the grazing output of the pasture, but also ensures the recuperation of the pasture itself. In technical terms, the overall interest of the pasture is to find and ensure the balance between the metabolism of the pasture and the pasture cattle and sheep. Balance, other than that, does not belong to the overall interests of the pasture, nor can it be called the overall interests. Strictly speaking, any divisible interests within an organization do not belong to the interests of the whole.
The indivisible feature determines that although the overall interests belong to "we" in common, they are not suitable for "us" to deal with jointly. The reason is very simple. "We" are all combined by various interests for reasons and reasons. They are not inseparable, but can continue to be decomposed. For example, "Husband and wife are originally birds in the same forest, and when disaster strikes, they fly separately." This is exactly the mistake of Western-style democracy. It allows the overall interest "we" to be the master, which violates the indivisible nature of the overall interest.
Does that mean that the overall interests are assigned to "I"? Because only "I" is truly indivisible! This is why the West believes in "individualism". The core point of so-called individualism is to regard the individual as the most basic social unit. The reason behind it is that "I" cannot be decomposed and constitutes the "logical atom" of interpersonal analysis. This point is evident in the etymology. The English "Individualism" of individualism comes from the Latin "Individuum", which means that it cannot be decomposed.
The indivisibility of the overall interests and the indivisibility of the "I" hit it off, so is it possible to implement the ownership of the public overall interests to a certain individual "I"? Take the grassland involved in the tragedy of the commons as an example. If it is not a common land for all herdsmen but belongs to a certain herdsman, under the actuarial care of the herdsmen, not only will the tragedy not happen, but the maximum output of the grassland can be realized. According to existing economics, this is "clear property rights". Once property rights are clear and external costs are internalized, speculation in "negative externalities" will be suppressed, and resource allocation will be natural. According to the terminology of Chinese classical philosophy, this is the "Great Unification". The Great Unity integrates the inside and outside, and no longer goes their own way. Negative externality speculation is also suppressed, and the optimal allocation of resources is self-evident.
This is the origin of public power. It exists for the overall benefit. It is formed because the overall benefit is integrated into "one". It is an endogenous necessity for the optimal allocation of resources and belongs to natural selection. Is it a contract? Is it granted by the people? In a specific system, as long as the optimal allocation of resources goes to the bottom, negative externality speculation will inevitably be suppressed, property rights will inevitably be clear, and it will inevitably lead to unification. Public power must be needed and public power will be born. This is natural, and no force can stop it. To put it bluntly, it is God's will and objective laws!
Suddenly looking back, this is why the theory of "civil rights granted by the people" and "social contract" are wrong. The public power they demonstrate is not a natural selection, so it does not inherently match another characteristic of the overall interest, that is, "given by heaven". In fact, the mistakes of the theory of civil rights and the rights of the people and the social contract theory are obvious. Hobbes did not consider transaction costs at all when he made related discussions. How easy is it for a society to let individuals transfer power and reach a common contract? Hobbes postulated a social contract with zero transaction costs, but it was only on paper!
From the existing political terminology, the great unification means public power, the unification of the internal and external, and the suppression of negative externality speculation, which is essentially the birth of public power; from the existing economic terminology, clear property rights mean public power , Clear property rights internalize external costs and restrain negative externality speculation, which is essentially the birth of public power. Simply put, public power is the power to suppress negative externality speculation. Taking the pastures involved in the tragedy of the commons as an example, drawing a red line for the total amount of cattle and sheep to be raised for the safety of the pastures is public power.
The so-called "private property rights" in Western economics originally belonged to public power, but "changed" due to "flow", but later became private property rights in the process of change. The so-called "private (private property rights) enterprise" is actually a unified enterprise. The key lies in "unification", not "individuals". Into an indivisible "I," that's all.
Economically speaking, property rights are clear, and politically speaking, unified leadership is determined by one person. In contrast, clear property rights are exactly the same as private enterprises, and setting one person is exactly the same as politically clear property rights. Political determination and economic property rights are completely the same thing. They have exactly the same, identical, and true common origin and essence—oneness! The so-called clarity of property rights means that property rights belong to "one". The key lies in oneness. Its essence does not lie in the private ownership of "the owner is in place" emphasized by Western economics, but in the indivisible unity of the overall interests.
("Farewell, Western Economics - China's Plan for Building a Community of Destiny" was recommended by Dayou Bookstore of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China)
(8) 1: The soul of the American political system
The indivisible overall interests have to be "one", so there is public power. For ordinary people's organizations, such as enterprises, the overall interests or the only subject can handle it well, but for non-general people's organizations, such as the country , its overall interests involve many parties, can the sole subject handle it well? Any individual is extremely limited, and no matter how wise and powerful an individual is, it is impossible to effectively represent and protect the overall interests of the country. What should we do? So a cabinet was formed—and there was a government! In fact, the government is far more than just one person, but it is essentially the sole subject of the overall interests of the country. Others are formed by the sole subject to represent and protect the overall interests of the country. This cannot be ambiguous.
Misleaded by the specious "granting of civil rights to the people", modern Western political science does not recognize the "one" way of clear property rights and the sole subject of the country's overall interests. Water" poured out. Perhaps because of the trauma of history, modern Western political science is not even willing to positively affirm the existence and significance of the government. This is manifested in the fact that the government is regarded as the so-called "necessary evil". evil". But no matter what kind of liberal radicalism, in fact, it cannot deny the existence and significance of the government, especially the existence and significance of the government—to be precise, the only government—that represents and protects the overall interests of the country.
This is clearly reflected in the founding process of the United States of America. As a country founded by a group of European exiled Pilgrims sailing across the ocean on the "Mayflower", the United States was not originally a whole and the existence of overall interests, but only some loose associations at first. , highly advocated the autonomy emphasized by the "Mayflower Convention", and even did not want the emergence of a government, but in the end the reason why the government had to be organized was indeed because it needed a cross-community organization to unite the masses into one and coordinate the indivisible overall benefit.
In fact, before the emergence of the federal government, the United States had established a "Confederate" government through the "Articles of Confederation", but it was loose and fragile, known as "a monster whose mind obeys the command of its limbs", and failed. It is no exaggeration to say that the tortuous birth process of the U.S. federal government strongly disproves the existence and significance of the sole government representing and protecting the overall interests of the country.
What is even more intriguing is that modern Western political science, which takes anti-authoritarianism and advocating democracy as its mission, cannot deny the need for the overall interests of the country to be clearly unified. , It can also be called the decline from the feudal monarchy to the modern centralized system of responsibility. This is also clearly reflected in the governance of the United States. As one of the founders of the United States, Alexander Hamilton (Alexander Hamilton) clearly wrote in the Federalist Papers, known as the "Principles of the American Constitution":
"Power is placed in the hands of a few, whose interests and views are easily unified by skilful leaders, so that power is more likely to be abused than in the hands of one, and power is more easily abused by several than by one It is more harmful; and if one person is in power, if only one person is alone, he will be more closely supervised, more likely to be suspected, and it is impossible for many people to unite to form a greater influence."
Also in The Federalist Papers, James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, known as the "father of the U.S. Constitution," also wrote in the form of citing examples:
"One hundred and seventy-three despots must be as tyrannical as one. Anyone who doubts this, look at the Republic of Venice! It would do no good if they had been elected by us. "
This is the "one" way of clarifying property rights. Not only is the government unified, but power is also unified. This is how the "presidential system" in the United States should have come about. "There are thousands of people in a family, and one person is in charge." The supreme power of the country is not in the hands of a group of people, but in the hands of one person. This is called the "president." There is no doubt that the presidential system is not a clear unification of property rights; but there is also no doubt that the presidential system is a clear unification of responsibilities. Regardless of the unification of property rights or the unification of responsibilities, they all belong to the unification of overall interests, and the indivisible overall interests of the country must be unified. One is the fundamental attribute of any human organization, and it is the soul of any political system.
(9) True democracy: a republic and balance of the overall interests of individuals
So far, I have to talk about China's political system. It is universally recognized at home and abroad that the most obvious label of China's political system is the centralized leadership of the Communist Party of China. This is considered "dictatorship" and "dictatorship" by mainstream Western society and non-Western people who have been brainwashed by mainstream Western thinking, but it is exactly in line with the "one" way of clear property rights. Furthermore, at the internal micro level, through the unification of the only core leadership, the grand unification is finally realized—the overall interests of the country are unified, which can theoretically surpass the helpless "agent's dilemma" of conflicting left and right in Western political science.
This does not negate democracy, on the contrary, the unification of the overall interests of the country constitutes the natural premise of democracy. To put it bluntly, only "one" can have many; without "one", how can there be many? The essence of democracy lies in the relationship between the overall interests of the country and the individual interests of the people. If there is no overall national interest subject first, a huge question mark will immediately fall from the sky: who will not allow democracy? Who are you going to talk about democracy with? The absence of the subject first, democracy is in fact incomprehensible, logically unreasonable, nonsensical! The tragedy of the commons has strongly demonstrated that if the interests of the whole cannot be guaranteed, individual interests cannot be guaranteed either; only when the interests of the whole are attributed to one master can individual interests benefit from democracy.
From the public's point of view, individuals are originally scattered and appear to be empty. Only by first establishing a subject that represents the overall interests of the country can it be turned from empty to real. Once the national subject is established, the people will not only become real, but will also be transformed into a transposed subject of the national subject in the interaction between the subject and the object, and sit on an equal footing with the national subject. In a specific context, the people are even higher than the main body of the country, just like the boss said "the customer is God". The ancient Meng Ke clearly stated: "The people are the most important, the community is second, and the king is the least." The modern Chairman Mao even shouted the strongest voice of worshiping the people: "The people, and only the people, are the driving force for creating world history. This is the logical origin of democracy, and it is also the inner meaning of Chinese-style democracy (the core is the organic unity of the party’s leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and the rule of law).
It has to be mentioned that the ideal country that the founding fathers of the United States hoped to build was not a democratic country. Historical data show that at the 116-day Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, democracy was loudly denounced by the founding fathers. Madison pointed out: "If the government adopts a democratic form, it is inherently troublesome and inconvenient. This is why people condemn democracy." In fact, the constitution represents the proposed government of the United States, not a "democratic government" but a "republican government." This point is quite wise. The "republic" obviously belongs to both sides of the game, and it is a relationship, unlike democracy, which has the unilateral meaning of the people.
The issue of democracy cannot be clearly cut out in the history of Western thought, but in the final analysis, the essence lies in the relationship between the interests of the individual as a whole. Symbiosis. If the interests of the whole are guaranteed, true democracy means that individual interests are the masters of the people. The overall interests are originally indivisible, how can the people democratize them? In terms of the source, the overall interests are originally determined by the inability to circulate the "self" certificate (attention ceremony), which originates from the gift of heaven, how can the people rule it? Western-style democracy takes it for granted that "citizenship is granted by the people", and mistakenly makes democracy the overall interest of the people. Throw it to the teeth of the rats!
(I love fermented bean curd cake)
(10) China is closer to the "other shore" than the United States
On the surface, the political systems of China and the United States are very different, and even considered to be in opposition. But it can be said that "not afraid of the clouds to hide your eyes, and you are at the highest level." Once you look back at the basics, the political systems of China and the United States are not said to be brothers, but they do have the same root and converge in important joints. Both affirm the existence and significance of the government, and both emphasize the clarity and stability of responsibilities. The difference is that the existence of the government has always been regarded by the Chinese nation as an "essential good" rather than an "essential evil" in Western political science, due to different understandings of overall interests and the underlying human nature issues; China's core system reflects clear and stable responsibilities, while the US presidential system only achieves clear responsibilities, while China's core system can ensure that property rights are clearly assigned to "one", so it is more stable and more suitable for protecting the overall interests of the country. If we say "the other side", in terms of political system, the other side is not the United States, but China.
Liberal democracy is not a patent of the United States at all, but a misunderstanding of the United States; the political system is not a dragon-slaying sword of the United States at all, but a silver-like wax gun head of the United States; due to the length of history and insufficient accumulation, including ideological Spiritual culture or soft power including cultural values and values are not the strengths of the United States, but precisely the weaknesses of the United States. This is doomed that the United States will find it difficult to win in the competition with China, insisting on a cold war. Compared with the Chinese civilization, which was once vast, splendid, profound and consistent for five thousand years, the United States may only lose.
But the reason is not that China defeated the United States. Unlike the Western history of "a strong country must seek hegemony", China is quite benevolent in international relations. It does not fight for hegemony. Who, even if they are convincing, also emphasizes convincing others with virtue, and pursues convincing with sincerity. The problem is that if the United States does not make changes, it will be tossed by its own demons—the anti-epidemic crisis and the constitutional crisis that the United States is experiencing in 2020 are facts—so that it will lose, and it will defeat itself. China is just doing a good job. For myself, let history choose naturally—this kind of sincerity is a gentleman, this kind of sincerity is king, and this kind of sincerity can win without fighting!

为什么美国的必胜客申请破产,而中国必胜客不受影响?

因为中国的必胜客和美国必胜客不是一个爹!

中国必胜客属于百胜中国啊,它的大杀器就是独立经营权。

所以大家不必担心吃不到必胜客啦,必胜客中国也回应过,国内是不受影响的。

和美国的关店不同,国内的必胜客因为有百胜中国的放权包括大陆直营、特许经营,这些都让它业务可以自由飞翔!

产品稀缺度来说,中国的必胜客一度在广告上给大家形成了思维惯性,导致大家看到广告就觉得这是西餐。那西餐最容易想到啥?肯德基麦当劳,还有呢就是必胜客。

看到披萨,这是必胜客的!看到必胜客,等于要吃披萨!这等于是在你纠结吃啥时,脑海自动播放广告…

而且,必胜客在中国市场上是有改进的,更加贴合了中国消费者的口味,适应了中国市场。

所以它有嚣张的资本。它可以不仅不关店,还在拓展新店!

你要问了,百胜中国是谁?

我给你解释一番。它可是巨无霸,是中国最大的餐饮运营公司。

它是Yum! Brands在中国大陆的特许经营商,前身为Yum! Brands中国事业部。投资方里你比较熟悉的就有高瓴资本、春华资本、蚂蚁金服。

举个例子就懂了,你的肯德基也属于百胜中国,拥有特许经营权。

它强势着呢,不止肯德基,还有东方既白、小肥羊

虽然今年餐饮行业整体都很难,但百胜中国还能保持盈利!

它居然还逆风发育,扩张了169家店…

在上半年,百胜中国的营业总收入达到258.83亿元人民币,同比下降17.43%;

净利润为13.73亿元,同比下降超51.5%。

不过,人家整体仍然处于盈利状态…

这就提到了咱们的外卖,救了肯德基和必胜客。

外卖业务本来是很小的,疫情一来却无敌了。

财报上的百胜中国提到,外卖和外带业务在二季度占到公司销售额的50%以上。

懂了吗,这第二个季度,百胜中国的一半订单都来自于外卖翻盘。

百胜中国还有个必杀技,可以回血!

今年百胜中国的会员销售额实现了两位数的增长!

直接占到了整体销售额的60%;

NPC国际就没那么幸运了,它的外卖不像中国深入人心。美国彻底关停的300家门店,大部分是堂食餐厅…

所以,你就放心吧!

披萨照吃!接着奏乐接着舞吧!

为什么说中国必胜,美国必败呢?美国是西方文明的标兵、领头羊,美国的没落衰败也就意味着西方文明的败亡,西方文明的败亡呢,主要也就是指美国的衰败。西方文明的底气和信心就是他们的科技,那么今天呢,我们就重点从科技方面来谈谈为什么一统天下的一定是华夏文明呢?

因为呢,西方文明实在是没什么了不起的,那么下面呢,我就从文明、文化的基因方面给大家详细的说明下内在的根本原因。

第一呢,西方文明的成功、富强是建立在奴役侵略亚非拉亿万民众数百年的血泪史之上的,即使追溯到十字军东征又何尝不是呢?强盗逻辑简直就是他们与生俱来的基因。他们的富足生活用人血馒头来形容丝毫都不为过。从对印第安人实施种族灭绝到非洲的奴隶贸易,从殖民印度到八国联军进中国,从海湾战争到入侵阿富汗,从毁灭利比亚到轰炸叙利亚,这就是科技文明的杰出代表的代表作。我请问,有什么了不起的?如果这些西方人有人心有人性,有良知有廉耻,他们还有何面目活在这个星球上?他们有何颜面去见上帝呢?我实在无法相信上帝是这样一个嗜血残酷的存在,果真如此,那只能说整个西方文明就是恶魔的化身。所以呢,他们的成功不但没什么了不起,还可耻可恶,罪孽深重。

而反观我泱泱中华五千年文明史,又有哪个国家民族受了我们的侵略奴役呢?我们又何尝有过以侵略奴役别国为荣的历史记载呢?说我们的文明史一部绵长的保家卫国反抗异族侵略的历史丝毫都不为过。我们的文化基因中从来就不存在侵略他人的DNA,与人为善,和谐共存就是我们中华文明的真正底色。

第二呢,如果果真你的科技文明那么牛,你干嘛还用来去侵略奴役别人呢?你为什么不是给别人带去和谐、富足、安宁呢?按说西方引以为傲的科技应该去成就别的民族而不是去毁灭奴役全世界。所以科技的最主要本质核心就是奴役侵略的工具。按照天道轮回的运行,这个世界通过科技文明唯一的可能只能共同抵达地狱。我们“师夷长技以制夷”,大力发展科技,与其说是为了繁荣富强,实际上何尝不是不得已而为之的对这些邪恶的反人性的文明的反击呢?所以呢,科技并不是造福人类的,而是奴役侵略的工具,实现少数人的富足是建立在绝大多数人的苦难之上的,靠的是什么,就是科技。科技的杰出代表作不就是坚船利炮吗?它们给人类带来的从来不是什么福音,只有无尽的苦难。

第三呢,科技文明相比于几十几百年前已经那么发达了,按说早已经实现共产主义人类大同了才对,可是看看科技文明的标兵、领头羊美国又怎么样呢?不还是一样的处心积虑挖空心思的想着压迫奴役发展中国家,甚至连同宗同源的盟友都六亲不认,还不是一样的蛮横的收割?这就是科技文明正在向人类所展示的真相和它的奇葩风采,科技早已沦为奴役侵略的工具、摧毁人性人心的工具、摧垮自然生态的工具。即使如此,美国占尽了科技的一切先机,却不是越来越厉害,而为什么却走向了衰败了呢?科技不应该是万能的吗?所以呢,科技就是个伪命题,科技从来也永远解决不了人类的根本问题,美国的没落败亡就是揭下科技最后一块遮羞布的实证。让科学回归认知世界观的工具,而非侵略奴役的工具,才是还科学文明精神的本真面貌。

第四呢,中西文明的根本差异是什么呢?通俗来说呢,西方文明精神的潜台词是,只有你不好我才能好;而华夏文明精神的核心要旨是,只有别人好了我才能好。为什么是这样的呢?因为西方文明认为人人都是有罪的,来到这个世界上都是为了赎罪的,所以可想而知呢,在每个人的心里,别人都是坏人是很自然的事,那别人都是坏人,很显然只有坏人不好了好人才能安好啊!坏人好了肯定自己不得安宁啊。我想呢,这是西方文明生来就想着侵略奴役别人的内在文化基因所决定的。

而同时呢,我们华夏文明的精神是人人皆可为尧舜,是人人都学好向善。“己欲立先立人,己欲达先达人”就是我们华夏文明的内在文化精神,不仅仅如此(是中国文明),儒释道的核心要义都是以充分考虑别人为前提的,儒家讲求“仁”,就是把别人放在和自己一样甚至更重要的位置上去对待;道家讲求“少私寡欲”,不管是“少私”还是“寡欲”,都是为了留给别人用。佛家以他心为我心,讲的几乎是完全的奉献,就更不用说了。因此呢,总结起来都是,只有别人好了我才能好。

所以,很明显,为什么华夏文明能够成为这个星球绵延无绝长盛不衰的存在,就不难理解了,只要和我们相处,我们都是想着让别人先好。请问,像我们这种文明精神,谁不愿意和我们做朋友?而西方文明呢,可以说,在娘胎里就在琢磨着侵略奴役别人了。请问,这种人,如果不是慑于他们的淫威,谁会愿意真心实意的和他们做朋友?

第五呢,另一方面,按照因果循环,西方文明造的孽太深重,犯下的罪恶罄竹难书,如果由他们来一统天下,那还能有什么天理呢?又如何能深孚众望呢?哪个国家的人民会发自内心的悦服呢?就像让一个以烧杀劫掠奴役侵略为信仰的人来当你们的社区主任或者村长,你能吃得下饭、睡得了安稳觉吗?所以,他们的衰落败亡是他们罪孽深重的列祖列宗早已注定好了的。

总结一下呢,西方文明靠科技这个工具对全球绝大数国家进行了数百年的掠夺和奴役,以致于科技几乎成了西方文明的信仰和代言词,可是工具终究就是工具,它并不能解决人类社会发展的根本问题,美国的没落就是实证。当被压迫的民族也掌握了这个工具以后,西方文明也就逐步失去了奴役别国的根基。在此关键时期,正是华夏文明当仁不让履行唤醒全世界被压迫民族觉知的天赋使命,也是华夏文明肩负人类文明发展走向光明的历史责任。我们看到,华夏文明“师夷长技以制夷”基本达到了目标,因此,在新时代百年未有之大变局的惊涛骇浪中,对于那些渴望着和平向往美好生活的全球各族人民,华夏文明精神就是实现人类和谐共存的雨露甘霖,华夏文明精神大放异彩将是人类面临的最佳选择。

因此呢,中国必胜,美国必败。也就是西方文明走向没落,华夏文明走向繁荣昌盛将是人类社会发展的必然历史选择,也是华夏文明肩负传承人类文明的光荣神圣使命。


(一)谁将“不战而胜”

正如注目礼概念所揭示的,人天生是需要“存在感”的动物,就像人与人的关系一样,国与国的关系也是围绕存在感——具体表现为国际社会的排座次——而展开,甚至可以说,国家也天然是需要存在感的实体。由于中国经济实力坐二望一,势头持续看好,美国老大的存在感正相对衰弱,引发更年期不适,近些年来对中国不时翻白眼,甚至希望中国的奶牛立即死掉——讲个有关存在感抑或说“羡慕嫉妒恨”的小故事:

三个人,姑且称之为ABC吧,无意中救了被禁在魔瓶里的巨妖,巨妖出来后答应满足他们各一个愿望。A说:我要一栋漂亮别墅,比我最要好的朋友的房子还要多一个浴室。B说:我要一位金发美女,比我最要好的同事的妻子还要婷婷玉立。C的邻居有一头高产量又高品质的奶牛,“我要这头奶牛,”他对魔瓶巨妖说,“立刻死掉!”

这不是玩笑,特朗普政府曾公开叫嚣让中国的奶牛死掉,具体表现就是挑唆对华新冷战。这当然有难度,毕竟中国不是当年的苏联,美国亦非当年的美国,世界更非当年的世界。但现在退一万步讲,美国成功挑起新冷战,一时间,泱泱神州,敌军围困万千重。这无疑会给中国带来一段不适,但雾霾终将散去,套用尼克松一本专著的书名讲——“不战而胜”,但主角不是美国,而是中国!

症结不在别处,而就在于美国方面抽出来作为新冷战屠龙刀的意识形态和价值观,而且直接表现在美国方面明确拿出来挑事的头部位置——政治体制。即是说,如果中美之间的新冷战不可避免,中国将因为政治体制而胜过美国,简言之,东风压倒西风!

《别了,西方经济学——构建命运共同体中国方案》获中共中央党校大有书局上架推荐

(二)“山巅自信”沦为笑话

美国人尤其白人精英对自己的政治体制相当自信,借用白人精英常用的话讲,美国政治体制堪称人类的“灯塔”,美利坚合众国就是人类的“山巅之国”。这非一般描述,大有来头,乃《马太福音》第5章第14节的内容:“你们是世上的光。城造在山上,是不能隐藏的。”据称后来被英属北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地的首任总督温思罗普(John Winthrop)演义为:“我们本应像座山巅之城,让全世界人民的眼睛都望着我们。”

但遗憾的是,恰恰就在政治体制的核心要害部位也就是公权力(政府)的问题上,不仅美国的建国之父们错了,不仅“五月花号”上的美国先祖们错了,不仅旧大陆的新思潮错了,而是整个西方思想史上一代接一代的政治哲学家们都错了,统统没有真正搞清楚公权力的起源、性质和功能,就因为这一点,他们的山巅自信,一点也不含糊地沦为笑话!

(三)“公权民授”是否成立

公权力是从哪里来、怎么来、起什么作用呢?在文艺复兴之前,在欧洲居庙堂之高的就是“君权神授”,简单讲,公权力是上天赐的。但文艺复兴以来,君权神授论被一步步扔进了字纸篓,特别是资产阶级革命之后,代之而起的就是“公权民授”,简单讲,公权力是民众给的——具体怎么讲呢?最主流的解释应该说是17世纪的英国哲学家霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes)在政治学专著《利维坦》中提出的社会契约论解释。有个比较流行的说法,叫“人对人像狼一样”,就出自《利维坦》,属于他对人性的核心看法。为着结束人对人像狼一样的“自然状态”,霍布斯认为,个体要让渡自己的一部分权力,通过全体成员的社会契约,建构一个公权力,从而保障全体无虞,走出自然状态,《利维坦》写道:

“把大家所有的权力和力量付托给某一个人或一个能通过多数的意见把大家的意志化为一个意志的多人组成的集体。”

这就是社会契约,也就是“公权民授”,通过社会契约,形成民授公权!《利维坦》正属于公权民授论的典型代表,一定意义上还是开先河者,这正是霍布斯被誉为“近代政治学之父”的重要原因。实际上,在君权神授被撕后,近代政治哲学整个走向了公权民授,不仅因为神授论荒唐不经,更因为公权力所基于的整体利益。这一点甚至彰显于“利维坦”之名,利维坦原是《旧约》中提到的大力海怪,霍布斯的用意即在于所谓“国民的整体”。所谓整体利益,原本就是全体民众的整体利益——既然是全体民众的整体利益,基于整体利益的公权力当然就是民授,夫复何疑?

(四)整体利益实是“天授”

但莫斯科不相信眼泪,在科学上,容不得任何的想当然。公权力基于国家整体利益,的确与全体民众紧密相关,但公权民授论并不准确,铸就大错,大错特错,“差之毫厘,谬以千里”的大错,“一失足成千古恨”的特错,几乎不可原谅!

原因很简单,国家整体利益并非民授,而是超越于单个国民的存在,也是超越于任何多数国民的存在,并非简单由个体人头数决定的客观存在,要说天经地义,整体利益才真正天经地义。咱们先看个事实:

有一块草场,没有主人,周边的牧民自由放牧。因为无主,所以无偿,每个牧民都希望放养尽可能多的牛羊,结果导致牛羊数量无节制增长,草场严重超载,质量大幅下降,最后沦为不毛之地,牛羊一只只饿死,牧民一个个破产。

这就是“公地悲剧”,无可辩驳地表明了整体利益的客观存在,一块草场最适合放养多少牛羊,总量控制在什么额度,既保证草场的生养能力不浪费,又保障草场本身的再生能力,这就是该草场的公有整体利益,不是什么见仁见智的存在,而就是个技术问题,不存在争议,不以任何哪个牧民的意志为转移,以不以任何多数牧民的意志为转移。

就像草场的整体利益与全体牧民紧密相关,但草场的整体利益并不是牧民授的,国家整体利益也不是国民授的。退一万步讲,国民或许可以授予别的公权,但国家整体利益决非公民授的。不仅国家整体利益,任何人类组织的整体利益都决非民授,而是源于最基本的逻辑常识——不能够循环“自”证(注目礼),属于“天授”!此天授,非彼天授,并非迷信,亦不神秘,即不是人后天选择的,而是天生就注定了的。由于不能够循环自证,“我”不得不透过“他”人“看”自己,“他”人原非“外”人,而就是“我”的一部分,人天生即是整体,遂有整体利益。因为人天生是整体,凡与人扯在一起的,都不可避免地也成为整体及整体利益。

(五)西式民主:摆不脱的“代理人困局”

由于对人性的先验整体性认识不到位,导致对国家整体利益的认识不到位,招致貌似天经地义、实则似是而非、乃至大错特错的公权民授论,西方政治理论从此偏离了正道,西方政治实践从此也偏离了正道,双双走上歪门邪道,这集中彰显于所谓“民主”!

难道要否定民主?民主是不言而喻的,乃咱们每个人生而平等的权力。所有这些,再加些,还加些,都承认,但有个前提条件,那就是所关乎的是个体利益,进一步明确讲,民主的本义是个体利益民众自主,正如一句叫“风可进,雨可进,国王不可进”的西方谚语所有力提示的,民的地盘民作主。

但现在的情况是,在个体利益之外存在整体利益,由谁作主呢?这才是问题的实质!既然是大家共同的整体利益,当然是民众大家做主,这难道也有问题?这正是西方民主的来历,它针对的原本就不是个体利益民众自主,而就是针对整体利益来的;它原本就不是民的地盘民作主,而就是整体利益民作主——那民众怎么为整体利益做主呢?

既然是大家的利益,当然大家一起来主,自然是共同决策,乃至共同行为。三五十人是可以同时决策,但一个大的集体尤其国家,当民众超过一定数量,必定无法同时行使任何行为。怎么办——代理于是不可避免,代理人腐败甚至代理人控制,乃至代理人造反,也都随之而来,不可避免!理论上讲,整体利益民作主的民主再怎么健全,也不可能超越代理性质,从而也就摆不脱“代理人困局”。

(六)西式民主:没折扣的“多数人暴政”

既然代理人困局不可避免,干脆取消代理,凡国家整体利益的决策,每一次都投票,甚至全民公投。暂不考虑有没有操作性,投票表决适合为国家整体利益做主吗?技术上讲,一个个民都想做主,甚至N位民有N+1种作主的方案,正可谓“东风吹,战鼓擂,这个世界谁怕谁”,怎么办?没得办!唯有听天由命,只能听天由命,与占卜问卦没任何两样——这不是危言耸听!彰显于美国大选之年的“十月惊奇”,按美国选举规则,总统大选正式投票前的最后一个月往往是该年10月份,10月份发生的意外事态往往影响大选,甚至改变大选进程和结果,此之谓十月惊奇,反映了普选的不靠谱、偶然性和非理性。

更致命的是,票决天生少数服从多数,岂不就是“多数人暴政”?可既然是大家共同的整体利益,既然是人民主权,人人生而平等,凭什么少数人的权利要牺牲给多数人呢?显而易见,西式民主不只是招致“代理人困局”,也不仅因票决而导致“多数人暴政”,最严重的恶果就是整体分崩离析!

国家,也包括其他的人类组织,如贯彻所谓的民主,后果只能是分离,乃至最后沦为一盘散沙,每位民都是主嘛。那为什么民主在现实上还没有导致一盘散沙呢?症结就在于它并非真正的民主,是且只是多数人对少数人的暴政!2016623日,英国进行举世瞩目的“脱欧”公投,支持派以3.8%的微弱优势获胜,岂不就是多数人暴政?美国总统大选实行“选举人团”制,可算是对“多数人主义”的某种约束甚至纠偏,但终归还是“多数人主义”,不过是对直接的“多数人暴政”的某种修订。

因为想当然的“公权民授”,西式民主的本质归于整体利益民作主,理论上步入误区,实践中陷入泥潭,把国家整体利益的处置搞成了一场众声喧哗的闹腾,堪称笑话,属于人类智慧的耻辱!拿公地悲剧所涉草场来说,在什么样的一个蓄牧总量安全线内,既不浪费草场生养能力,又不破坏草场自身再生能力,实现草场整体利益的最大产出,这是个纯技术问题,动辄票决,岂不荒唐?

(七)公权力的起源:整体利益归“一”

那整体利益要如何处置呢?除天授之外,整体利益还存在另外一个鲜明特性,那就是不可分割。拿公地悲剧所涉草场来讲,牧民可根据自己的能力决定放养牛羊的数量,因能力不尽相同,每位牧民放养牛羊的数量也不尽相同,但整体利益有且只有一项,就是对放养的牛羊总量进行管制,既保证草场的蓄牧产出,又保障草场自身的休养生息,用技术语言讲,草场的整体利益就是寻找并保障草场新陈代谢与放养牛羊之间的平衡,舍此之外,都不属于草场整体利益,都不得以整体利益之名。严格讲,一个组织内任何可分割的利益,都不属于整体利益。

不可分割的特性,决定了整体利益虽然属于“我们”共同公有,但并不适合于“我们”共同处置。原因很简单,“我们”都是因缘因故因各种各样的利益结合在一起,并非不可分割,而恰恰可以继续分解,典型如“有钱有酒多兄弟,急难何曾见一人”,再譬如“夫妻本是同林鸟,大难来时各自飞”。这正是西式民主之开口便错,它让整体利益“我们”作主,违逆整体利益不可分割的特性。

那是不是把整体利益归属落实到“我”呢?因为唯有“我”才真正不可分解!这正是西方信奉“个人主义”的原因,所谓个人主义,核心要点就是把个人作为最基本的社会构成单位,背后的道理实在于“我”不可再分解,构成人际分析的“逻辑原子”。这一点在词源上就显出端倪,个人主义的英文“Individualism”,来自于拉丁文的“Individuum”,意思即不可再分解。

整体利益的不可分割与“我”的不可分解,一拍即合,那是不是可以把公有整体利益归属落实到某个体“我”呢?拿公地悲剧所涉草场来说,如非全体牧民公地,而属于某一位牧民,在牧民的精算呵护下,不仅悲剧不会发生,而且能实现草场的最大产出。按既有经济学的说法,这就是“产权清晰”,一旦产权清晰,外部成本内部化,“负外部性”投机就被抑制,资源优配自然而然。按中华古典哲学的用语,这就是“大一统”,大一统一合内外,不再各行其是,负外部性投机同样被抑制,资源优配不言而喻。

这才是公权力的起源,为整体利益而有,因整体利益落实归“一”而成,乃资源优化配置的内生必然,属于自然选择,岂契约乎?岂民授乎?在特定系统,只要资源优配深入到底,必然抑制负外部性投机,必然走向产权清晰,必然走向大一统,必定需要公权力,必定诞生公权力。这是自然而然的,没有任何力量能够阻挡,说白了,天意,客观规律也!

蓦然回首,这也是“公权民授”论及“社会契约”论为什么错误,它们所论证的公权力不属于自然选择,因而也不与整体利益的另一个特性也就是“天授”内在匹配。实际上,公权民授论及社会契约论的错误显而易见,霍布斯在做相关论述时根本没考虑过交易成本,一个社会要让个体让渡权力并达成共同契约,谈何容易?霍布斯假设了零交易成本的社会契约,不过纸上谈兵而已!

从既有的政治学术语讲,大一统意味着公权力,大一统一合内外,抑制负外部性投机,实质就是公权力的诞生;从既有的经济学术语讲,产权清晰意味着公权力,产权清晰让外部成本内部化,抑制负外部性投机,实质也是公权力的诞生。简单讲,公权力即抑制负外部性投机的权力。拿公地悲剧所涉草场来说,为草场安全划出放养牛羊的总量管制红线,这就是公权力。

西方经济学所谓“私有产权”,原本也属公权力,乃因“流”而“变”,只是后来在流变中成了私有产权。所谓“私人(私有产权)企业”,实则大一统企业,要害在“大一统”,而非“私人”,是大一统不得不“举”于某一个私人,是不可分割的整体利益不得不归属落实到某个不可分解的“我”,如此而已。

经济上讲产权清晰,政治上讲一元化领导直至定于一尊,两相对照讲,产权清晰正是私人企业的定于一尊,定于一尊正是政治上的产权清晰。政治上的定于一尊与经济上的产权清晰,完全是一回事,它们有个一模一样、毫无二致、千真万确的共同起源并本质——大一统!所谓产权清晰,实是产权归“一”,要害在一,其本质不在于西方经济学强调的“所有者到位”之私有制,而在于整体利益不可分割的大一统。

《别了,西方经济学——构建命运共同体中国方案》获中共中央党校大有书局上架推荐

(八)一:美国政治体制之魂

不可分割的整体利益不得不归“一”,于是有公权力,对一般的人群组织,比如说企业,其整体利益或是唯一主体可处置好的,但对不一般的人群组织,比如说国家,其整体利益涉及多方多面,唯一主体能处置好么?任何个体都极其有限,再英明神武的个体,也不可能有效代表并看护国家整体利益,怎么办?于是就组阁——遂有政府!政府现实上远不只是一个人,但本质上就是国家整体利益唯一主体,其他人都是由唯一主体组阁而来,目的是代表并看护国家整体利益,这一点不能含糊。

由于被似是而非的“公权民授”误导,近代西方政治学不承认产权清晰之“一”道及国家整体利益唯一主体,它们与“君权神授”及所谓“封建制度”一起,被作为“洗澡水”倒掉了。可能因为历史的创伤过重,近代西方政治学甚至都不愿正面肯定政府的存在与意义,这彰显于政府被视为所谓“必不可少的恶”,虽然“必不可少”,但属于“恶”。但无论怎样的自由激进主义,事实上都否认不了政府的存在及意义,尤其否认不了政府——准确讲是唯一政府——代表并看护国家整体利益的存在及意义。

这明显体现于美利坚合众国的建国过程,作为一批欧洲流放清教徒乘坐“五月花号”帆船漂洋过海而开启的国家,美国原本不是一个整体及整体利益的存在,最初只是一些松散的社团,高度崇尚“五月花号公约”所强调的自治,甚至不希望政府的出现,但最后之所以不得不也组织政府,的确因为需要有跨社团的组织来合众为一,协调不可分割的整体利益。

事实上,在联邦政府出现之前,美国曾通过《邦联条款》建立“邦联”政府,但松散而脆弱,被称为“一只头脑听从四肢指挥的怪物”,归于失败。毫不夸张地讲,美国联邦政府的曲折诞生过程,强有力反证了唯一政府代表并看护国家整体利益的存在及意义,必不可少。

更耐人寻味的是,以反专制、倡民主为己任的近代西方政治学也否认不了国家整体利益清晰归“一”的必要,只不过是长远的产权清晰归一被滑落到短期的责任清晰归一,也可称之为由封建君主制滑落到现代责任集权制。这也明显体现在美国的治国理政中,作为美国创始人之一的汉密尔顿(Alexander Hamilton)在被誉为“美国宪法原理”《联邦党人文集》中明确写道:

“权力被置于少数人手里,他们的利益和观点是很容易由手段高明的领导人予以统一的,于是权力就比在一人手中更易陷于滥用,而权力被数人滥用也比为一人所滥用更有危害;而一人掌权,唯其只有单独一人,就会更密切受到监督,更容易遭到嫌疑,也不可能象许多人一起那样联合起来形成较大的影响。”

同样在《联邦党人文集》中,被誉为“美国宪法之父”的美国第四任总统麦迪逊(James Madison)还以援引例证的形式写道:

“一百七十三个专制君主一定会像一个君主一样暴虐无道。凡是对此有所怀疑的人,不妨看看威尼斯共和国的情况!即使他们是由我们选举,也不会有什么益处。”

这就是产权清晰之“一”道,不仅政府是归一,而且权力也要归一。美国“总统制”应该就是这样来的,“家有千口,主事一人”,国家最高权力与其掌握在一群人手里,不如掌握在一个人手里,此之谓“总统”。毫无疑问,总统制不是产权清晰归一;但同样毫无疑问,总统制属于责任清晰归一。不管产权归一,还是责任归一,都属于整体利益归一,不可分割的国家整体利益必须归一。一,是任何一个人类组织的根本属性,更是任何一种政治体制的灵魂。

(九)真民主:个体整体利益的共和均衡

走笔至此,不能不说到中国的政治体制,海内外一致公认,中国政治体制最明显的标签就是中国共产党的一元化领导。这被西方主流社会,以及被西方主流思想洗脑的非西方人士,认定为“专制”“独裁”,但恰恰符合产权清晰之“一”道,它首先在政党宏观层面通过唯一执政党归一,进而又在内部微观层面通过唯一核心领导归一,最终实现了大一统——国家整体利益归“一”,理论上能够超越西方政治学左冲右突、但无可奈何的“代理人困局”。

这并不否定民主,恰恰相反,国家整体利益归一构成民主的当然前提。说白了,只有“一”,才有多;没有“一”,何来多?民主的本质在于国家整体利益与民众个体利益的关系。如没有国家整体利益主体在先,一个巨大的疑问号迅即从天而降:谁不让民主了?跟谁讲民主去?缺失先在主体,民主事实上不知所云,逻辑上讲不通,无厘头!公地悲剧已强有力显示,如果整体利益得不到保障,个体利益也不可能得到保障;唯有整体利益归于一主,才有个体利益得于民主。

从民众的角度讲,个体原本一盘散沙,显得虚,唯有先确立代表国家整体利益的主体,才能够由虚而实。一旦确立国家主体,民众不只是实起来,而且会在主客体的互动中转化为国家主体的换位主体,与国家主体平起平坐。在特定的语境中,民众甚至高于国家主体,就像老板说“顾客就是上帝”一样。古代的孟轲就明确提出:“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。”现代的毛主席更是喊出崇拜人民的最强音:“人民,只有人民,才是创造世界历史的动力!”这才是民主名正言顺的逻辑起源,也正是中式民主(核心即通常讲的“党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一”)的内在意蕴。

不得不提的是,美利坚建国之父们希望构建的理想国,并非民主国家。史料显示,在长达116天的费城制宪会议上,民主饱受建国之父们的大声挞伐,麦迪逊就指出:“政府若采取民主的形式,与生俱来的就是麻烦和不方便,人们之所以遣责民主,原因就在这里。”事实上,制宪代表拟议中的美国政府,非“民主政府”,乃“共和政府”。这一点颇显睿智,“共和”明显属于博弈双方,是一种关系,不像民主带有民众单方面的意味。

民主的问题,在西方思想史上剪不清、理还乱,但归根到底,本质在于个体整体利益关系,要害在于划清个体整体利益界线,让个体整体利益各在其位、各得其宜、共生共和。如整体利益得到保障,真民主就是个体利益民作主。整体利益原本不可分割,如何能民众主之?来源上讲,整体利益原本由不能够循环“自”证(注目礼)决定,源于天授,怎么能民众主之?西式民主想当然地认为“公权民授”,误把民主搞成了整体利益民作主,扔给老鼠的牙齿吧!(我特爱吃腐乳饼)

(十)中国比美国更靠近“彼岸”

中美两国政治体制,表面上看,大相径庭,甚至被认为是对立。但正可谓“不畏浮云遮望眼,自缘身在最高层”,一旦返本归元看,中美两国政治体制不说亲若兄弟,但的确同根同源,并且在重要关节上趋同,都肯定政府的存在及意义,都强调责任的清晰并稳定。区别是在于,由于对整体利益及其后边的人性问题认知深浅不同,政府的存在一直被中华民族视为“必不可少的善”,而非西方政治学所谓“必不可少的恶”;中国的核心制更体现责任的清晰并稳定,美国的总统制仅做到责任清晰,中国核心制能做到产权清晰归“一”,因而更有稳定性,更适合于保障国家整体利益。如果说“彼岸”,就政治体制而言,彼岸不是美国,而是中国。

自由民主根本不是美国方面的专利,而恰恰是美国方面的误区;政治体制也根本不是美国方面的屠龙剑,而恰恰是美国方面的银样蜡枪头;由于历史的长度与积淀不够,包含意识形态和价值观在内的精神文化抑或说软实力,更不是美国方面的优长,而恰恰是美国方面的短处。这就注定了美国在与华竞争中难以取胜,硬要冷战,相对于曾经沧海、文化灿烂、底蕴深厚并且五千年一贯的中华文明,美国可能只有失败一途。

但原因并非中国打败美国,不同于西方历史上的“国强必霸”,中国在国际关系中颇有仁风,不争霸,能怀柔,懂韬晦,不会刻意打谁,更不会刻意败谁,即便服人,也讲求以德服人,追求心悦诚服。问题在于美国如果不作出改变,必定会被自己的心魔折腾——美国2020年正遭遇的抗疫危机和正经受的宪政危机就是事实——以至于败,自己打败自己罢了,中国不过是做好自己,让历史自然选择而已——此诚君子,此诚王道,此诚不战而胜也!

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