Red and Black of Zhejiang Billionaires浙江亿万富豪的红与黑
Red and Black of Zhejiang Billionaires
1
On July 21, 2000, with the final decision of the auctioneer, the Overseas Chinese Hotel in Hangzhou, which had a starting price of 108 million yuan, was finally sold at a price of 208 million yuan.
It was Lou Zhongfu, then chairman of Zhejiang Guangsha Group, who took the picture of Overseas Chinese Hotel.
Founded in 1957, the Overseas Chinese Hotel is located by the West Lake in Hangzhou. It has an area of several thousand square meters and more than 200 rooms. Although the equipment is old and the operation is difficult, the net asset assessment still reaches 120 million yuan.
After the auction, auctioneer Ji Tao said excitedly: "The amount of bids in this auction has set a record for the auction and transfer of state-owned assets in China, which can be regarded as a successful case."
Ji Tao was excited because the auction price was a sky-high price at the time, but many people questioned whether this old hotel, which has been in operation for nearly half a century, is really worth so much money? Is Lou Zhongfu who bought this restaurant a "big injustice"?
While many people were worried about Lou Zhongfu, he was enjoying himself alone.
Because according to the rules of this auction, not only all the facilities of the hotel belonged to Lou Zhongfu, but also a piece of Pan Tianshou's "First Sunshine" collected by the hotel also fell into his pocket.
As the saying goes, "The drunken man's intention is not to drink", Lou Zhongfu's original intention of buying the Overseas Chinese Hotel was for this picture of "Chu Qing".
Because this painting has a lot of background.
2
In 1959, after the Overseas Chinese Hotel opened, the management wanted to find some famous calligraphy and paintings to decorate the facade, so Pan Tianshou came to mind.
Pan Tianshou is a native of Zhejiang, a famous calligrapher and painter in my country. He was the president of Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (the predecessor of China Academy of Art) at that time.
After receiving the invitation from Overseas Chinese Hotel, Pan Tianshou conceived for a long time, and after several revisions, he was finally able to present this masterpiece handed down from generation to generation that amazed everyone.
The picture of "Chuqing" is a giant pine tree with twigs standing diagonally, with a long river running through the middle, separated by rock flowers and weeds, showing a sense of vitality.
This painting is also known as the masterpiece of Pan Tianshou's peak period, and it has been hung in the lobby of the hotel for a long time.
In the 1980s, after Pan Tianshou passed away, the hotel considered the importance of this painting and worried that it would be easily damaged if it hung on the wall for a long time, so it quietly asked Pan Tianshou’s students to copy one as a substitute. were hidden in the hotel warehouse.
Lou Zhongfu has been in and out of the Overseas Chinese Hotel many times, so he knows the origin of this painting very well, and he also knows the value of Pan Tianshou's works better.
However, even if people knew Lou Zhongfu's "small thoughts" at that time, they wouldn't care too much.
After all, at that time, even the highest auction price of Qi Baishi's painting was only more than 10 million yuan, and the price of this painting at that time was not amazing.
The reason for buying the Overseas Chinese Hotel at a huge price was because Lou Zhongfu was "not short of money" at that time.
Zhejiang Guangsha Group, founded by him, was the first stock in China's construction industry among Chinese private construction companies in the 1990s, with assets exceeding several billion.
It was 19 years later that people really saw Lou Zhongfu's "vision".
On November 18, 2019, "Chu Qing", which had disappeared for a long time, suddenly appeared at the modern and contemporary auction of China Guardian Autumn Auctions, and the auction started with a reserve price of 120 million.
After several rounds of bidding, the painting was hammered down for 179 million yuan, plus commissions, and the final transaction price was 205 million yuan.
People lamented Lou Zhongfu's unique vision, but they didn't know that the money was just a drop in the bucket for Lou Zhongfu who was heavily in debt.
Lou Zhongfu planned to pass down this picture of "Chu Qing" as a "family heirloom" from generation to generation, at least for "four generations".
In October 2014, Lou Zhongfu published his autobiography "I want to be rich for four generations", and said in a high-profile speech at the university: "I want to be rich for four generations. No one in China dares to say this sentence, only I dare."
He also said to the outside world: "Dreams don't come by waiting, but by 'grabbing'!"
Unexpectedly, at the end of this year, Lou Zhongfu was taken away for investigation due to his involvement in a major corruption case.
Soon, the "Guangsha Department" began to fall apart, and the 100 billion empire eventually became a "castle in the sky".
However, the "grabbing" that Lou Zhongfu said was not just a random word.
From a construction worker to being on the Forbes rich list, including his own wife, he really relied on "robbing" all his life.
3
Lou Zhongfu was born in Dongyang, Zhejiang in 1954.
Now Dongyang is a well-known hometown of architecture in the country, and "lou" is one of the eight surnames in Dongyang.
After becoming famous, Lou Zhongfu introduced his surname to outsiders countless times: "My surname is Lou, and the left side is wood, which means that I have a house; the upper right is rice, which means that I have food; the lower right is female, which means that I have women and families. In Lou Zhongfu's life, he has a house, rice and a woman, and he lacks nothing."
That was later, he was nothing in his early years.
Lou Zhongfu's father, who was young, was sent to reform through labor because of his bad background. Lou Zhongfu was discriminated against because of this, and was famous for his love of fighting when he was young.
At that time, he realized that if he wanted anything, he had to "grab it" by himself, otherwise he would get nothing.
He likes to fight and is often looked down upon by others. After finishing elementary school, Lou Zhongfu had to drop out of school and stay at home, doing nothing but herding cattle all day long.
At the age of 16, Lou Zhongfu met a "noble man". He was spotted by Yu Yongyan, the captain of Dongyang Chengguan Construction Company, and he was taken to Jiaxing to do a small job at the construction site, earning 1.45 yuan a day.
Life on the construction site was hard, but he could eat enough. Lou Zhongfu fell in love because of this "feeling food and clothing and thinking about lust".
Lou Zhongfu is short and fat, but he falls in love with Wang Yifang, a girl from his hometown who is a head taller than him. The other party also admired him very much, secretly affectionate and determined for life.
But the girl's parents didn't agree with this marriage at all, thinking that Lou Zhongfu was poor and unprofessional, and his background was not good, so they locked their daughter at home.
Knowing the situation, Lou Zhongfu was angry and hated. Taking advantage of the dark and windy night of the month, he sneaked into Wang's house, pried open the door lock and took away Wang Yifang. He cooked raw rice and gave birth to two brothers, Lou Ming and Lou Jiangyue. The Wang family recognized the marriage.
Gradually, the Wang family felt that this son-in-law was unusual, and that he was indeed "ruthless" in everything he did.
In 1978, Lou Zhongfu entered Chengguan Construction Co., Ltd. (renamed Chengguan Construction Co., Ltd. this year), and was still an ordinary laborer.
At this time, the father of Chen Fugen, the manager of the construction team, passed away. According to the custom, everyone should join in and give some gifts to show their affection.
As a result, others only sent 5 yuan or 10 yuan to make a fuss, but Lou Zhongfu gave the manager all the 200 yuan that the family originally planned to renovate the house, which shocked everyone.
The house at home was not completed, but Lou Zhongfu "became famous as soon as he gave it away", and the entire Dongyang construction circle knew that there was such a generous worker like him.
Needless to say, the manager looked at him differently from then on.
Soon, because the head of the material department of the construction company fell from a motorcycle and was admitted to the hospital, the position became vacant, and Lou Zhongfu was directly promoted to the position of section chief by the manager.
Lou Zhongfu is like a duck to water in this position. He is like a brother and brother to all relevant suppliers, and even the warehouse manager of Party A regards him as his own.
All of these are naturally inseparable from Lou Zhongfu's generosity and good at making connections.
However, Lou Zhongfu at that time was at most a loach turned into a carp, and he really "jumped over the dragon's gate" and became a dragon shaking the construction industry. It was after he contracted Dongyang Chengguan Construction Engineering Company and became the general manager.
4
In 1984, Lou Zhongfu's construction agency was renamed Dongyang Chengguan Construction Engineering Company.
Subsequently, Lou Zhongfu was appointed as the general manager by the management department.
They are all hard-working construction workers, how can Lou Zhongfu, who is soliciting connections everywhere, be the general manager? The workers were dissatisfied and made a big fuss at the on-site meeting where the appointment was announced.
Without further ado, Lou Zhongfu picked up the masonry knife, slashed at the company's official seal three times, and said domineeringly: "From today onwards, I will accept everything with this seal, and everything without this seal has nothing to do with me." .”
Everyone at the scene was frightened by Lou Zhongfu's ruthlessness, and no one dared to say anything.
After the meeting, some unwilling workers wanted to appeal, but they were stopped. They pointed out the real reason why Lou Zhongfu became the general manager: there was a big "noble person" behind him.
This person is Guo Maoyang, who once served as secretary of the Jinhua Municipal Party Committee.
In the 1970s, Guo Maoyang, who was then secretary of the Party Committee of Chengguan Commune, went to the countryside to stay in the countryside. He lived in Lou's house for a few days and had a good impression of Lou Zhongfu.
Lou Zhongfu is also very good at coming, and has kept in touch with Guo Maoyang after his promotion.
When Dongyang Chengguan Construction Engineering Company was reorganized and contracted, Lou Zhongfu moved around, and naturally he often went to Guo Maoyang.
After Guo Maoyang said hello, Lou Zhongfu successfully "grabbed" the position of general manager, and his life has been on the line since then.
In 1985, Chengguan Construction Engineering Company changed its name to Dongyang Sanjian, which belonged to a new construction team in Dongyang area.
Although he is a rising star, Lou Zhongfu has great foresight. Through publicity and consulting, he transformed a township enterprise into one of the best construction groups in Zhejiang and even the whole country.
Located in Dongyang, which is still unknown, Lou Zhongfu took great pains to expand the company's popularity.
Lou Zhongfu claims to "do a little business and make friends for life".
He sent people to set up a liaison office of Dongyang Sanjian in Hangzhou, and invited friends from the news and cultural circles across the country to visit Dongyang.
For this reason, Lou Zhongfu spared no expense to build a magnificent office building in Dongyang, which has a luxurious banquet hall and accommodation, and entertains the admiring guests for free.
Lou Zhongfu is also very generous, saying: "When you come to Dongyang, regardless of your business or private affairs, you can stay and eat at the hotel in Sanjian Building at any time."
As long as the guests who come to Dongyang Sanjian, after eating and drinking well, Lou Zhongfu will send some Dongyang specialties, so that people will come here with satisfaction and return with full enjoyment.
Cannibals are soft-spoken and soft-handed, and the reporters who have been here are embarrassed to eat for nothing, so they try to praise Dongyang Sanjian and Lou Zhongfu in their own media.
On March 15, 1988, CCTV's "News Network" broadcast the newsletter "Dongyang Sanjian Company is advancing", which made Lou Zhongfu really "show" in front of the people of the whole country.
To make the guests from other places happy, Lou Zhongfu made the parents and officials in his hometown more satisfied.
After Shenzhen became the frontier of reform, it attracted many mainland government agencies to visit. Due to limited funds, many officials can only go there by train. Seeing the dazzling array of goods and touching their empty pockets, they can only return in regret.
After Lou Zhongfu found out, in the name of Dongyang Sanjian, he invited the leaders of all levels of Dongyang to fly to Shenzhen for "inspection".
After seeing some big leaders retire, Lou Zhongfu will hire them to his company as "consultants" with high salaries.
Over the next two decades, more than a hundred government officials at or above the county level entered the Guangsha Group from in-service leadership positions or after retirement.
Needless to say, these "consultants" who continue to exert their residual energy in their new positions have paved the way for Lou Zhongfu to rise one after another.
5
These are Lou Zhongfu's investments, and he must want to get more in return.
Under the care of various leaders, Lou Zhongfu's Dongyang Sanjian not only has business throughout the country, but also successively acquired Beijing Erjian, Hubei No. 6 Construction, Shaanxi Road and Bridge, Hangzhou Construction Engineering and other old state-owned construction enterprises, greatly increasing its strength.
During this period, Lou Zhongfu also had his wife kidnapped at home because of the big tree, and later went bankrupt to eliminate disasters; there were also safety accidents on construction sites one after another, killing and injuring many people.
However, these are nothing to Lou Zhongfu. Backed by various "big trees", Dongyang Sanjian has established Dongyang Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., an aluminum alloy decoration factory, a cement component factory, a tile factory, Automobile passenger service station and other companies.
As a result, Lou Zhongfu became an outstanding entrepreneur in Dongyang, served as the deputy director of the Dongyang Municipal People's Congress, and later served as a representative of the Tenth National People's Congress.
Even though he has become the largest construction company in Dongyang, Lou Zhongfu is not satisfied. He hopes to become the real "overlord" of the industry.
In 1992, there were more than 3,500 construction companies in Zhejiang, and there were many companies whose scale and efficiency far surpassed that of Dongyang Sanjian. Lou Zhongfu could only be regarded as the "little brother" in the circle.
Lou Zhongfu felt that his company's name was not impressive enough, so he lobbied the relevant departments everywhere and insisted on "grabbing" the signboard of Zhejiang's first construction enterprise group and renamed it Zhejiang Guangsha Construction Group Company.
The name "Guangsha" comes from Du Fu's phrase "There are tens of thousands of Guangsha, which can shelter the world's poor and happy people." Lou Zhongfu asked a cultural person to help him build it.
In 1993, during the pilot period of the shareholding system reform, enterprises that had completed the restructuring were given priority in obtaining financing and various convenient conditions for operation.
Lou Zhongfu worked up and down again and successfully entered the list of the first batch of pilot enterprises. He is also the only township enterprise among the pilot enterprises of standardized joint-stock system in Zhejiang.
After getting the golden signboard of "Pilot Enterprise", Lou Zhongfu converted all the operating net assets of Guangsha Group and its wholly-owned subsidiaries into 30,034,300 shares, and changed the company to Zhejiang Province through cash subscription, internal employee shares and public shares. Guangsha Construction Group Co., Ltd.
At the same time, Guangsha Group also raised 100 million funds, and its subsidiaries expanded to 28 companies, spanning the four major industries of construction, building materials, real estate, and film and television.
Because of this reorganization, Lou Zhongfu also got the benefits of real money, completely turning Zhejiang Guangsha, a long-standing collective enterprise, into "Lou's" private property.
In 1996, Lou Zhongfu learned that the Ministry of Construction had a listing target and immediately applied for it.
Although Zhejiang Guangsha had just been established for three years and met the most basic requirements, there were too many construction groups that wanted to go public, and all of them were stronger than Zhejiang Guangsha.
Even, a deputy minister of the Ministry of Construction made it clear that he disapproved of the listing of Zhejiang Guangsha.
No one expected that Zhejiang Guangsha would snatch the listed quota from four well-known state-owned construction groups in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Changchun, which are more powerful.
In April 1997, Zhejiang Guangsha was officially listed on the A-share market, becoming the first listed private construction company.
At this time, Lou Zhongfu, who had graduated from elementary school, suddenly became an honorary doctorate from the University of West Alabama, and frequently appeared on the rich list due to his wealth skyrocketing.
Zhejiang Guangsha also moved its headquarters to Hangzhou and started a larger-scale staking campaign.
6
In 2001, China's real estate market ushered in a golden decade. The heating up of real estate gave Lou Zhongfu, who pursued the "scrambling for characters", another opportunity, and started some showy operations.
Because of the need for equity replacement, Lou Zhongfu spared no expense to buy the Overseas Chinese Hotel in Hangzhou. Of course, he was optimistic about the huge value of the "Chu Qing" map.
After buying the Overseas Chinese Hotel, Lou Zhongfu did not intend to manage it well at all. Instead, he combined his 90% stake with his 50% stake in Hangzhou Guoshang Real Estate, Guangsha Construction Group and 95% stake in Nanjing Real Estate, and Zhejiang Guangsha The 100% equity of Dongyang Sanjian, the 51% equity of Chongqing No.1 Construction, the 90% equity of Shanghai Heli Construction, the 83% equity of Zhongdi Construction and other non-operating assets were jointly exchanged for assets.
The purpose is simple, Lou Zhongfu wants to turn Zhejiang Guangsha from a listed construction company into a listed real estate company.
In fact, there are many violations and illegalities in this operation, but Zhejiang Guangsha can always pass various approvals without incident, thanks to the credit of a large number of "consultants" behind the scenes.
Lou Zhongfu is also very aware of the "secret" of his own fortune. After coming to Hangzhou, he has a very close relationship with the media, and he invites reporters to dinner in the name of the company every three days.
In 2001, when "Zhejiang Youth Daily" sponsored by the Zhejiang Youth League Committee was reorganized into "Youth Times", Lou Zhongfu invested to become the behind-the-scenes funder and became one of the earliest private enterprises investing in media in China.
In 2005, Zhejiang Guangsha men's basketball team was established.
At the inauguration ceremony, in addition to the manuscript and red envelopes, the visiting journalists also received a copy of "China Power: Taking Lou Zhongfu and Guangsha as Coordinates" which records Lou Zhongfu's entrepreneurial history.
At this time, Hangzhou has almost become the world of Zhejiang Guangsha. Construction, real estate, energy, finance, manufacturing, education, medical care, cultural media... It is almost an all-encompassing business empire.
No matter where you go, there are advertisements of Guangsha Group everywhere, which are very eye-catching.
Hangzhou is still just supporting the scene. In his hometown Dongyang, Lou Zhongfu has the final say.
The universities, parks and many related buildings and facilities in Dongyang are built by Zhejiang Guangsha, and all walks of life are also inextricably linked with Loujia.
Since the Guangsha Group is the only one in Dongyang, many companies have to follow the lead of the Lou family, and even the main local leaders have to act according to the face of the Lou family.
There will naturally be disputes if there are interests, not to mention people like Lou Zhongfu who started their fortunes by "robbing".
Although Lou Zhongfu doesn't live in Dongyang, he has great influence. Any construction projects and related industries in Dongyang can only be carried out with his nod, otherwise he will be driven away, or he will be put in prison directly.
The reason is also very simple. Guangsha, Zhejiang has recruited many former judicial officials as "consultants". Local people call the court "Guangsha Office", and it is impossible to win a lawsuit.
Dongyang has many well-known national entrepreneurs such as Guo Guangchang, Xu Wenrong, Lou Yongliang, Shao Qinxiang, etc., but even Guo Guangchang is unwilling to return to his hometown to invest. When asked why, he could only say "the situation there is too complicated".
This situation caused Dongyang, whose economy was far ahead of Yiwu, to be gradually overtaken until it was left behind.
7
At this time, the second generation of the Lou family gradually grew up. The eldest son Lou Ming became the president of Guangsha Group, the second son Lou Jiangyue became the chairman of the group, and Lou Zhongfu only retained the position of chairman of the board of directors of Guangsha Group and listened to the government behind the curtain.
The arrangement of the family business made Lou Zhongfu feel at ease, but Zhejiang Guangsha's real estate management made him worry.
In 2009, the revenue of Zhejiang Guangsha was 4.387 billion, while the revenue of Vanke and China Merchants Real Estate this year were 48.8 billion and 10.1 billion respectively.
In the next few years, Zhejiang Guangsha even "woke up early and rushed to the evening", and its revenue fell all the way, at least less than 1.5 billion, while its competitors that started in the same period had already become hundreds of billions of real estate companies.
The reasons are inseparable from Lou Zhongfu's insatiable "ambition".
Lou Zhongfu, who came out by "sieging cities and looting land" all the way, despised "small fights" and wanted to do something earth-shattering.
In addition to construction and real estate, Lou Zhongfu first invested in Baihe Hydropower Station and Yingchuan Hydropower Station in Jingning County, and then invested heavily in sports, manufacturing, and cultural media, but many of them died without even hearing a sound.
What really dragged Zhejiang Guangsha down was the famous Guangsha Tiandu City.
In 2000, Lou Zhongfu planned a Guangsha Tiandu City in Yuhang, Hangzhou, covering an area of more than 7,600 acres and a population of more than 100,000. The total investment is expected to exceed 10 billion, known as "China's first satellite city."
Unfortunately, due to policy changes and the sharp rise in land prices in Hangzhou, half of this project, which took 15 years from planning to construction, has not been completed.
The unfinished Tiandu City is like a "black hole", consuming a lot of Guangsha's funds every day. In order to maintain the project, Lou Zhongfu, in addition to mobilizing the company's book funds, also borrowed and raised a large amount of external loans, but still could not fill this "big hole".
Zhejiang Guangsha, which is struggling to maintain, has gradually accumulated high debts and is deeply mired in financial quagmire.
After 2010, Zhejiang Guangsha barely survived the crisis by selling assets at a discount.
After that, Lou Zhongfu was silent for a long time, but he saw a new "bright spot" in the increasingly noisy "success study", and complained that he was still too "low-key".
8
In October 2014, after the publication of his new book "I Want to Be Rich Over Four Generations", Lou Zhongfu appeared on the column "Good Apprentice of Zhejiang Merchants" and became an entrepreneurial mentor, talking freely.
One month later, the 30th anniversary celebration of Guangsha Holdings Group was held in Dongyang, and many stars such as Na Ying, Han Lei, Sa Beining came to join in the celebration.
During the party, 27 Guangsha heroes were rewarded with a "Little Golden Horse" made of 1 kilogram of pure gold. Under the spotlight, Lou Zhongfu excitedly announced that "Guangsha Group will become a Fortune 500 company."
Sometimes, rhetoric is like a tornado, it comes quickly and goes away even faster.
Not long after, Lou Zhongfu was taken away by relevant departments at the airport for investigation and disappeared from public view.
It is intriguing that after the news of Lou Zhongfu's investigation was announced, the firecrackers in the Dongyang area kept going all night, and it was very lively.
In 2015, Zhejiang Guangsha announced on the one hand that it would withdraw from the real estate business within three years and resell the real estate assets to the controlling shareholder Guangsha Holdings; Frequently received inquiry letters from the Shanghai Stock Exchange, questioning the rationality of its transformation.
In September 2016, just when everyone felt that Zhejiang Guangsha was in danger, Lou Zhongfu, who had disappeared for 21 months, was "discovered" while walking by the river in his residence, indirectly announcing that he had landed safely.
He came back, but Zhejiang Guangsha was still entangled in lawsuits and was brought to court many times, but he lost more than he won.
After Lou Zhongfu disappeared from people's sight again, his phrase "I want to be rich for four generations" was ridiculed by countless people.
However, no one may have noticed that in the 2022 New Fortune 500 Rich List released not long ago, 68-year-old Lou Zhongfu ranked 327th with a wealth of 14.87 billion yuan.
The four generations don't know if this money is enough, but Lou Zhongfu has no problem living his life comfortably.
It is known that the water in front of Baizhang Rock will more moisten the pine in front of Baizhang Rock.
The fame and fortune that came from "scrambling" has quietly faded with the ink on the screen, evaporating the last water stains of the era.
浙江亿万富豪的红与黑
1
2000年7月21日,随着拍卖师一锤定音,起拍价1.08亿的杭州华侨饭店最终以2.08亿元的价格成交。
拍下华侨饭店的是时任浙江广厦集团董事长的楼忠福。
始建于1957年的华侨饭店,坐落于杭州西子湖畔,拥有数千平的面积,两百多间客房,虽说设备老旧,经营困难,但净资产评估依然达到1.2亿元。
拍卖结束后,拍卖师季涛激动地说:“这次拍卖的标的额,创下了国内国有资产拍卖转让之最,可以作为一个成功案例。”
季涛激动是因为这次拍卖价在当时属于“天价”,可很多人质疑,这家经营了近半个世纪的老饭店真值这么多钱吗?买下这家饭店的楼忠福是不是一个“大冤种”?
很多人在替楼忠福担心时,他却在独自偷乐。
因为按照此次拍卖的规则,不仅饭店所有设施都归属楼忠福,其中饭店收藏的一幅潘天寿的《初晴》也落入他的囊中。
正所谓“醉翁之意不在酒”,楼忠福买下华侨饭店的本意就是冲着这幅《初晴》图而来。
因为这幅画大有来头。
2
1959年,华侨饭店营业后,管理方希望找些名人字画来装点门面,便想到了潘天寿。
潘天寿是浙江人,我国著名书画家,时任浙江美术学院(中国美术学院前身)院长,代表作《国寿无疆图》《映日荷花别样红》均是国宝级作品。
接到华侨饭店邀请后,潘天寿构思许久,几经修改,最终得以呈现出这幅令所有人赞叹的传世巨作。
《初晴》画面为一棵对角斜立的虬枝巨松,中间横贯着一条源远流长的长河,隔以岩花野草,呈现出一股勃勃生气。
这幅画也被誉为是潘天寿巅峰时期的杰作,后长期悬挂于饭店大堂内。
上世纪80年代,潘天寿过世后,饭店考虑到这幅画的重要性,也担心这幅佳作长久挂在墙上容易受损,便悄悄找潘天寿的学生临摹了一幅作为替代品,真迹则被藏到酒店仓库中。
楼忠福曾多次出入华侨饭店,对这幅画渊源自然很清楚,也更清楚潘天寿作品的价值。
不过,那时人们就算知道楼忠福的“小心思”也不会太在意。
毕竟那时期,就算齐白石的画作,最高拍卖价也不过超过千万,这幅画当时的价格也并不算惊人。
花大价钱买下华侨饭店,是因为楼忠福那时“不差钱”。
他创立的浙江广厦集团在九十年代中国民营建筑公司中,中国建筑行业第一股,资产超过几十亿。
人们是在19年后,才真正见识到楼忠福的“眼光”。
2019年11月18日,中国嘉德秋拍近现代专场上,消失许久的《初晴》突然出现,以1.2亿的底价起拍。
经过几轮竞价,这幅画以1.79亿落槌,加上佣金,最终成交价格为2.05亿元。
人们感叹楼忠福眼光独到,却不知这些钱对正负债累累的楼忠福来说,只是杯水车薪。
原本这幅《初晴》图,楼忠福打算作为“传家宝”代代传下去,而且至少是“四代”。
2014年10月,楼忠福出版了自传《我要富过四代》,并在大学宣讲中高调表示:“我要富过四代,这句话在中国谁敢说,只有我敢。”
他还对外放言:“梦想不是等来的,要靠‘抢’!”
谁想这年年底,楼忠福因卷入腐败大案,被带走调查。
不久,“广厦系”开始分崩离析,千亿帝国终成“空中楼阁”。
不过,楼忠福口中的“抢”,并非随口一说。
从建筑工人到登上福布斯富豪榜,包括自己的老婆,他这一生确实全靠“抢”来的。
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1954年,楼忠福出生于浙江东阳。
现在的东阳是全国有名的建筑之乡,“楼”是东阳八大姓之一。
成名后的楼忠福曾无数次向外人介绍自己的姓:“我姓楼,左边是木,代表有房子;右上是米,代表有吃的;右下是女,代表有女人和家庭。我楼忠福这辈子,有房有米有女人,啥也不缺。”
那是后来,早年的他啥也不是。
小时的楼忠福父亲因为出身不好,被送去劳改。楼忠福因此饱受歧视,幼年以爱打架出名。
那时的他就意识到,想要任何东西只能靠自己“抢”,否则什么都得不到。
喜欢打架,又经常被人瞧不起,楼忠福读完小学就只能辍学在家,整日除了放牛,无所事事。
16岁时,楼忠福遇到一位“贵人”,他被东阳城关修建社的队长于永炎看中,带至嘉兴工地做小工,日入1.45元。
工地生活很苦,但能吃饱饭,楼忠福因此“温饱思淫欲”,恋爱了。
楼忠福长得矮胖,却喜欢上高他一头的同乡姑娘王益芳。对方也很欣赏他,私下情意绵绵,暗定终身。
可姑娘父母根本不同意这门婚事,觉得楼忠福又穷又土,出身还不好,就把女儿锁在家中。
知道情况的楼忠福又气又恨,趁一个月黑风高夜,潜入王家,撬开门锁带走王益芳,将生米煮成熟饭,先后生下楼明、楼江跃两兄弟,逼着王家认下这门婚事。
慢慢地,王家觉得这女婿不一般,做人做事果然都透着一股“狠”劲。
1978年,楼忠福进入城关修建社(此年更名为城关建筑社),依旧是一名普通小工。
这时,建筑队经理陈福根的父亲过世,按照风俗,大家要凑份子送点礼表示下心意。
结果别人只送5元、10元意思下,楼忠福却将家里原本打算翻修房子的200元钱全送给了经理,震惊所有人。
家里房子是没修成,可楼忠福“一送成名”,整个东阳建筑圈都知道有他这样一位出手大方的工人。
经理自然不用说,对他从此另眼相看。
很快,因为建筑社材料科科长骑摩托摔伤入院,职位出现空缺,楼忠福被经理直接从小工提拔到科长位置。
楼忠福在这个岗位如鱼得水,他与所有相关供应商称兄道弟,就连甲方仓库管理员都视他为自己人。
这些,自然离不开楼忠福出手大方,善于走上层关系。
不过,那时的楼忠福顶多是条泥鳅变成了鲤鱼,真正“跃龙门”,成为撼动建筑界的一条蛟龙,是他承包东阳城关建筑工程公司,成为总经理之后的事。
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1984年,楼忠福所在的建筑社,更名为东阳城关建筑工程公司。
随后,楼忠福被管理部门任命为总经理。
都是辛辛苦苦的建筑工,凭啥到处拉关系的楼忠福就能当总经理?工人们不服,大闹宣布任命的现场会。
楼忠福二话不说,抄起泥瓦刀,向公司公章连砍三刀,霸气地说:“从今天开始,盖着这个印章的所有事情我都认账,没有这个印章的事情一概与我无关。”
现场所有人都被楼忠福这股狠劲给吓住了,无人敢再吭声。
会后,有不甘心的工人打算上访,却被人拦住,点出楼忠福担任总经理的真正原因:他后面有个大“贵人”。
此人便是曾担任金华市委书记的郭懋阳。
上世纪70年代,当时还是城关公社党委书记的郭懋阳下乡蹲点,曾在楼家住过几天,对楼忠福印象不错。
楼忠福也很会来事,在郭懋阳不断升迁后,一直与其保持联系。
东阳城关建筑工程公司改制承包时,楼忠福四处活动,自然没少往郭懋阳那里跑。
郭懋阳打过招呼后,楼忠福顺利“抢”到总经理职位,人生自此开挂。
1985年,城关建筑工程公司更名为东阳三建,属于东阳地区新生的一支建筑队伍。
虽说是后起之秀,可楼忠福很有眼光,通过宣传加顾问的方式,让一家乡镇企业摇身一变,成为浙江乃至全国数一数二的建筑集团。
地处尚不被人知晓的东阳,楼忠福为扩大企业知名度煞费苦心。
楼忠福自称“做一点事业,交一世朋友”。
他派人在杭州设立东阳三建的联络处,广邀全国新闻与文化界朋友到东阳转转。
为此,楼忠福不惜重金在东阳盖了一栋气派的办公大楼,内设豪华宴会厅和住宿,免费招待慕名而来的宾客。
楼忠福也很大方,表示:“到东阳来,不管公事私事,随时可以到三建大厦的宾馆住宿、用餐。”
只要是来东阳三建的客人,吃好喝好后,楼忠福还会再送上一些东阳特产,让人满意而来,尽兴而归。
吃人嘴软,拿人手软,来过的记者也不好意思白吃白拿,便想办法在自家媒体上夸东阳三建,称赞楼忠福。
1988年3月15日,中央电视台《新闻联播》播出《东阳三建公司在前进》的通讯,让楼忠福真正在全国人民面前“秀”了一把。
能让外地来的客人开心,楼忠福让家乡的父母官更满意。
深圳成为改革前沿后,吸引很多内地政府机构考察。由于经费有限,很多官员只能坐火车前往,看到琳琅满目的商品,摸摸空瘪的腰包,也只能悻悻而归。
楼忠福知晓后,以东阳三建名义邀请东阳各级单位领导坐飞机去深圳“考察”,途中将领导们伺候得舒舒服服,大家对他赞不绝口。
看到某些大领导退休后,楼忠福又会以高薪将其聘请到自己公司当“顾问”。
之后二十多年间,从在职领导岗位或退休后进入广厦集团的县处级以上政府官员就多达百余名。
不用说,这些在新岗位继续发挥余热的“顾问”们,为楼忠福铺垫了一层又一层向上的台阶。
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这些都是楼忠福的投入,他必然想得到更多回报。
在各种领导的关照下,楼忠福的东阳三建不仅业务遍及全国,还先后收购了北京二建、湖北六建、陕西路桥、杭州建工等老牌国有建筑企业,实力大增。
这期间,楼忠福也因树大招风,妻子在家被人绑架,后来破财消灾;建筑工地也接连出现安全事故,死伤多人。
不过,这些对楼忠福不叫个事,背靠各种“大树”,根深枝茂的东阳三建又顺势成立了东阳房地产开发股份公司、铝合金装潢厂、水泥构件厂、花砖厂、汽车客运服务站等公司。
楼忠福也因此成为东阳杰出企业家,出任东阳市人大副主任,后又担任十届全国人大代表,风光无限。
即便已成为东阳第一大建筑公司,可楼忠福并不满意,他希望成为真正的行业“霸主”。
1992年,浙江有3500多家建筑企业,规模效益远超东阳三建的比比皆是,楼忠福只能算圈内“小弟”。
楼忠福觉得自己公司名字不够气派,便四处游说有关部门,硬是“抢”到浙江首家建筑企业集团的招牌,改名为浙江广厦建筑集团公司。
“广厦”的名字来自杜甫的那句“安得广厦千万间,大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”,楼忠福请一个文化人帮忙起的。
1993年,正值股份制改革试点时期,完成改制的企业可以优先获得融资以及经营上的各类便利条件。
楼忠福再次上下运作,成功挤进首批试点企业名单,也是浙江规范化股份制试点企业中唯一的一家乡镇企业。
拿到“试点企业”金字招牌后,楼忠福将广厦集团以及全资子公司的全部经营性净资产折成3003.43万股,通过现金认购、内部职工股以及公众股,将企业变更为浙江广厦建筑集团股份有限公司。
与此同时,广厦集团也筹集到1亿资金,旗下公司扩大到28家,横跨建筑、建材、地产、影视等四大行业。
因为此次改制,楼忠福也得到真金白银的好处,彻底将浙江广厦这家多年的集体企业变成了“楼氏”私产。
1996年,楼忠福得知国家建设部有一个上市的指标,立即提出申请。
虽说当时的浙江广厦成立刚满3年,符合最基本条件,但想上市的建筑集团太多,个个都比浙江广厦兵强马壮。
甚至,建设部还有位副部长明确表示不赞成浙江广厦上市。
谁也没想到,浙江广厦却硬生生从实力更雄厚的上海、广州、南京以及长春四家著名国有建筑集团手中“虎口夺食”,抢到这个上市名额。
1997年4月,浙江广厦正式在A股上市,成为首家上市的民营建筑企业。
这时,小学毕业的楼忠福,学历忽然成为美国西亚拉巴马州大学荣誉博士,还因财富暴涨频频出现在各大富豪榜中。
浙江广厦也将总部搬迁到杭州,开始了更大规模的跑马圈地运动。
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2001年,中国房地产市场迎来了黄金十年,房地产升温让奉行“抢字诀”的楼忠福再次看到了机遇,开始了一番骚操作。
因为股权置换需要,楼忠福不惜巨资买下杭州华侨饭店,当然也是看好《初晴》图的巨大价值。
买下华侨饭店后,楼忠福根本没打算好好经营,而是将其90%的股权与旗下杭州国商地产50%的股权、广厦建设集团以及南京置业95%的股权,与浙江广厦将持有的东阳三建100%的股权、重庆一建51%的股权、上海合力建设90%的股权、中地建设83%的股权以及其它非经营性资产共同进行了资产置换。
目的很简单,楼忠福要将浙江广厦从一家上市建筑公司变成一家上市房企。
事实上,这番操作有许多违规和不合法的地方,可浙江广厦总能安然无恙通过各种审批,幕后少不了大批“顾问”的功劳。
楼忠福也很清楚自己起家的“秘诀”,来到杭州后与媒体关系格外密切,三天两头以企业名义请记者们吃饭。
2001年,楼忠福借浙江团省委主办的《浙江青年报》改组为《青年时报》之际,出资成为幕后金主,成为国内最早投资媒体的民营企业之一。
2005年,浙江广厦男篮成立。
成立仪式上,来访记者除了拿到通稿和红包,每人又获赠一本记录楼忠福创业史的《中国力量:以楼忠福和广厦为坐标》。
这时候的杭州几乎成为浙江广厦的天下,建筑、房地产、能源、金融、制造、教育、医疗、文化传媒……几乎就是个无所不包的商业帝国。
无论走到哪,到处都是广厦集团的广告,十分抢眼。
杭州还只是撑场面,在家乡东阳,完全是楼忠福说了算。
东阳的大学、公园以及相关的很多建筑设施都由浙江广厦建设,各行各业也都与楼家有着千丝万缕的联系。
由于广厦集团在东阳一家独大,使得很多企业不得不唯楼家马首是瞻,就连当地主要领导也要看楼家的脸色办事。
有利益自然会有争执,何况像楼忠福这种靠“抢”起家的人。
楼忠福虽然不在东阳住,但影响力巨大,任何东阳的建筑项目和相关产业都得他点头才能进行,否则轻者被赶走,重则直接吃牢饭。
原因也很简单,浙江广厦网罗了许多前司法官员当“顾问”,当地人称法院是“广厦办”,打官司根本不可能赢。
东阳不乏郭广昌、徐文荣、楼永良、邵钦祥等这样的全国著名企业家,可连郭广昌都不愿回家乡投资。被问到原因,只能说“那里情况太复杂”。
这种状况使得原本经济远超义乌的东阳逐渐被赶超,直至甩在身后。
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此时,楼家二代逐渐成长起来,长子楼明出任广厦集团总裁,次子楼江跃成为集团董事长,楼忠福仅保留广厦集团董事局主席一职,垂帘听政。
家族企业的安排让楼忠福感觉安心,但浙江广厦在房地产上的经营却让他揪心。
2009年,浙江广厦营收为43.87亿,这年的万科和招商地产营收则分别为488亿元和101亿元。
这之后的几年,浙江广厦更是“起了个大早赶了个晚集”,营收一路下滑,最少时不到15亿,而同期起步的竞争对手早已成为千亿级房企。
其中原因,都离不开楼忠福那颗永不满足的“雄心”。
靠着一路“攻城掠地”走出来的楼忠福看不上“小打小闹”,一心想干番惊天动地的事业。
除建筑、房地产之外,楼忠福先是投资了景宁县白鹤水电站和英川水电站,接着在体育、制造业以及文化传媒都砸下重金,可很多连个响声都没听到就中途夭折。
真正拖累浙江广厦的,是那座著名的广厦天都城。
2000年,楼忠福在杭州余杭,规划了一座占地面积7600余亩,居住人口超过10万人的广厦天都城,总投资预计超过100亿,号称“中国第一卫星城”。
可惜由于政策变动以及杭州土地价格的急速飙升,这个从规划到施工花了15年的项目,连一半还没开发完成。
无法完工的天都城像个“黑洞”,每天都在大量消耗着广厦的资金。为了维持项目,楼忠福除了抽调企业账面资金外,还大量对外借贷和融资,但依然无法填补这个“大窟窿”。
苦苦维持的浙江广厦逐渐债台高筑,深陷资金泥潭。
2010年后,浙江广厦依靠打折甩卖资产,勉强捱过危机。
这之后的楼忠福沉寂许久,却在日渐喧闹的“成功学”热中看到了新的“亮点”,埋怨自己还是太“低调”了。
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2014年10月,楼忠福在新书《我要富过四代》出版后,又登上《浙商好徒弟》栏目,成为一名创业导师,侃侃而谈。
1个月后,广厦控股集团创业30周年庆典在东阳举行,那英、韩磊、撒贝宁等诸多明星前来捧场。
晚会中,27名广厦功臣获得1公斤纯金打造的“小金马”奖励,追光灯下的楼忠福兴奋放言 “广厦集团要成为世界500强企业”。
有时,豪言就像龙卷风,来的快,去的更快。
没多久,楼忠福在机场被有关部门带走调查,消失在公众视野。
耐人寻味的是,楼忠福接受调查的消息被公布后,那天的东阳地区鞭炮声彻夜不停,热闹非凡。
2015年,浙江广厦一方面宣布三年内退出房地产业务,并将房地产资产转售给控股股东广厦控股;另一方面,浙江广厦在参与投资几部影视剧后,宣布转型影视行业,却频频遭到上交所的问询函,质疑其转型的合理性。
2016年9月,就在大家都觉得浙江广厦岌岌可危时,消失21个月的楼忠福在住宅河边散步被人“发现”,间接宣布他已平安落地。
回是回来了,可之后的浙江广厦依然官司缠身,屡屡被人告上法庭,但已败多胜少。
楼忠福再次消失人们视野后,他那句“我要富过四代”遭到了无数人的嘲笑。
不过,可能没人注意到,不久前发布的2022新财富500富人榜中,68岁的楼忠福以148.7亿元人民币的财富位列第327位。
这笔钱,四代不知道够不够,但楼忠福舒舒服服过完自己这一生毫无问题。
楼忠福手里还有那幅《初晴》的仿品,他应该记得画面中潘天寿的那句题字:
料知百丈岩前水,更润百丈岩前松。
世间故事,潘天寿老先生说得很透:“水善利万物而不争。”
“争抢”而来的名利,随着画面的墨迹,已悄然褪去,蒸发掉时代最后的水渍。
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