New China's Great Barefoot Doctor System新中国伟大的赤脚医生制度
New China's Great Barefoot Doctor System
On June 26, 1965, Chairman Mao found that there were more than 1.4 million health technicians across the country, 80% in cities and 10% in rural areas, and 25% of medical expenses in rural areas and 75% in cities. In the vast rural areas, there is a shortage of doctors and medicines. There are no doctors and no medicines.
Chairman Mao was furious and said: "The Ministry of Health is not the Ministry of Health of the people. It should be called the Ministry of Health of the City, the Ministry of Health of the Lord, or the Ministry of Health of the Lord of the City." Afterwards, he personally ordered to solve the rural medical problems, and the barefoot doctor followed Then Dansheng.
Tell the Ministry of Health that only 15 percent of the population are employed by the Ministry of Health, and the majority of these 15 percent are lords. The majority of farmers do not have access to medical care. One has no medicine, the other has no medicine. The Ministry of Health is not the Ministry of Health of the people. It is better to change it to the Ministry of Urban Health or the Ministry of Municipal Health.
To reform medical education, there is no need to read so many books. How many years did Hua Tuo study? How many years did Li Shizhen study in the Ming Dynasty? Years are enough. The main thing is to learn and improve in practice. Even if such doctors are not very capable, they are better than deceptive doctors and witch doctors, and the rural areas can afford them.
The more books you read, the more stupid you become. The current examination and treatment methods are not suitable for rural areas at all. The method of training doctors is also for cities, but China has more than 500 million farmers.
Separated from the masses, the work puts a lot of manpower and material resources on the research of advanced, deep, and difficult diseases. The so-called cutting-edge, for some common diseases, frequently-occurring diseases, and ubiquitous diseases, how to prevent them and how to improve their treatments, no matter what or how to use them. few. Cutting-edge issues are not unnecessary, but a small amount of manpower and material resources should be allocated, and a large amount of manpower and material resources should be allocated to the issues most needed by the masses.
Another strange thing is that doctors must wear masks during examinations, no matter what kind of illness they have. Is it because I am afraid that I will infect others? I think it is mainly because I am afraid that others will infect me. Treat them separately! Wear everything, which first creates a gap between doctors and patients.
Hospitals in cities should keep some doctors who are not very capable one or two years after graduation, and the rest should go to the countryside. The Four Clean-ups came to an end in XX, and it was basically over, but after the Four Clean-ups ended, the medical and sanitation work in rural areas did not end!
Put the focus of medical and health work in the countryside!
The origin of the barefoot doctor
On June 26, 1965, according to the arrangement of the General Office of the Central Committee, Mao Zedong listened to the report of Qian Xinzhong, Minister of Health.
After Qian Xinzhong made a general report on the work of the Ministry of Health, he talked about the distribution of medical personnel across the country and the proportion of medical funds used: there are more than 1.4 million health technicians in the country, and 90% of senior medical personnel are in cities, of which 70 % are in big cities, 20% are in counties, and only 10% are in rural areas; only 25% of medical expenses are used in rural areas, and 75% in cities.
Mao Zedong became angry when he heard this set of figures. He said harshly: "The Ministry of Health only provides jobs to 15% of the country's population, and the 15% are mainly masters. The majority of farmers have no access to medical care. No medicine. The Ministry of Sanitation is not the Ministry of Sanitation of the people, it can be changed to the Ministry of Sanitation of the City or the Ministry of Sanitation of the Lord, or the Ministry of Sanitation of the Lord of the City!"
"The focus of medical and health work should be placed in the countryside!"
"Cultivate a large number of doctors who are 'affordable in rural areas', and they will serve farmers."
After Mao Zedong got angry, the Ministry of Health immediately studied ways to implement Mao Zedong's instructions. Since Mao Zedong's instructions in this anger were on June 26, the Ministry of Health called Mao Zedong's instructions on this day "626 instructions."
In the summer of 1968, Shanghai's "Wen Wei Po", which is influential across the country, published the investigation report "From the Growth of "Barefoot Doctors" to View the Direction of the Medical Education Revolution" in an important position. After the article was published, it immediately attracted the attention of the Beijing propaganda department. The third issue of the "Red Flag" magazine published in September of that year and the "People's Daily" published on September 14 reprinted the full text of this investigation report. The article was published in three important newspapers and periodicals successively, which naturally attracted widespread attention. In particular, it is the first time in this article that rural health workers who are half-medical and half-agricultural are referred to as "barefoot doctors", which is refreshing.
This article caught Mao Zedong's attention. Mao Zedong carefully read the article published in the "People's Daily" on September 14, and commented on the "People's Daily" he had read: "Barefoot doctors are good." Mao Zedong's instructions were quickly issued and immediately translated into actions by party and government departments at all levels. Since then, "barefoot doctor" has become a specific title for rural doctors who are half-agricultural and half-medical. More importantly, according to this idea, people's hospitals have been established at the county level and health centers at the commune level all over the country, and clinics have been set up at the brigade (equivalent to the current village) level to form the three rural areas. level medical system.
The medical personnel working in the first-level clinic of the brigade are all "barefoot doctors" who are "half agricultural, half medical". At the same time, health departments at all levels began to make great efforts to train a large number of "half agricultural and half medical" personnel in accordance with the practice of Jiangzhen Commune in Chuansha County, Shanghai. At that time, it was also the climax of educated youth going to the countryside. A group of junior and senior high school students who went to the countryside, because their education level was higher than that of local peasant youths, naturally became "barefoot doctors" who accepted "half agricultural, half medical". subject of training. After they finished their studies, most of them became "barefoot doctors". This situation has prompted the rapid formation of China's "barefoot doctor" team in a short period of time, and the rapid improvement of rural medical conditions. The "half agricultural, half medical" group active in the vast countryside has indeed been welcomed by the majority of farmers. Farmers have a headache and no longer need to go to the commune or county for treatment, and the general trauma suffered during labor can be treated in time. Moreover, farmers see a doctor in the brigade clinic or the commune health center. The medical expenses are mainly paid from the accumulated funds of the commune and the brigade. Except for a small amount of work points, the members of the commune basically don’t spend any money. In some places, there is even a registration fee of 5 cents. How can it not be supported and welcomed by the majority of farmers?
With the formation of the scale of "barefoot doctors", the rural cooperative medical system was also established at that time. The rural cooperative medical system was invented by a "barefoot doctor" named Tan Xiangguan in Hubei Province. He conducted in-depth investigations in various production teams, learned from the experience of the party leading farmers to organize credit unions to get rid of the exploitation of usury loans, and set up supply and marketing cooperatives to get rid of the exploitation of profiteers. In the end, he came up with the "Draft on Trial Implementation of Farmers' Cooperation in Medical Treatment in the Dujia Village Brigade of Paradise Commune". This draft was affirmed and supported by the brigade and the commune. In order to turn Tan Xiangguan's draft into reality, the Leyuan Commune strongly supported the Dujia Village Brigade to run the clinic.
On August 10, 1966, the health room in the Tujia cottage in Changyang, western Hubei was listed. The specific method of this cooperative medical care is: each farmer pays 1 yuan for cooperative medical care each year, and the village draws an average of 5 cents per person from the collective public welfare fund as a cooperative medical fund. Except for a few chronic illnesses that need to take medicine all year round, the masses only pay a registration fee of 5 cents each time they see a doctor, and the medicine is free.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attached great importance to this experience. After verifying this experience, it sent materials reflecting this experience to the rural areas in the suburbs of Beijing, and organized farmers to hold two symposiums for discussion. On November 30, 1968, relevant departments of the central government wrote a special report to Mao Zedong. After reading the report, Mao Zedong was very happy and even praised the cooperative medical system. .” Mao Zedong’s instructions are an affirmation of the rural cooperative medical system.
Since then, with the affirmation and support of Mao Zedong, barefoot doctors were set up at the brigade level, and a cooperative medical system was established at the brigade level, which became a new thing in China at that time, and was established in China as the largest welfare system for hundreds of millions of Chinese farmers. .
In the era of Mao Zedong, every village had one or several barefoot doctors. They had no wages and earned work points just like peasants. Whenever a member of a commune was sick, the barefoot doctor would pick up the sanitary kit and come to the door for injections and infusions. It was a real door-to-door service. , Their education level is not high, they only master some simple hygiene knowledge, they can treat common diseases, people have a headache, a few cents of medicine can solve it, people are injured, they can do simple wound dressing, Whoever gave birth to a child, they can deliver the mother, they also vaccinate the young children, eradicated many infectious diseases, they popularized patriotic health knowledge in the vast rural areas, improved the health care knowledge of the masses, and guaranteed the health of the majority of farmers. At that time, the barefoot doctors ate and lived with the peasants, and the relationship was that of a family. Although it was difficult for the peasants at that time, the emergence of barefoot doctors greatly solved or alleviated the problem of lack of medical care and medicine in the vast rural areas of our country at that time, and played a huge role in the life and health of the vast number of rural people. Barefoot doctors are just that It is a special product of the era, but it is also a great pioneering work of the Mao Zedong era.
Change the barefoot doctor into a village doctor until the disappearing monster
The barefoot doctor, the capitalist roader has changed his name to the village doctor. The number of "no successors" for village doctors drops sharply by 50,000 every year until they disappear. In the process of slowly disappearing in the past few decades, I saw all kinds of strange phenomena. "In 1969, the days when Zhong Nanshan and the barefoot doctor learned from each other" said that in 1969, Academician Zhong Nanshan and Dr. Hu Dayi joined a medical team going to the countryside in Beijing and went to Kuancheng County, Hebei. The members of this medical team were all from Beijing Medical College at that time. The members included students from the medical, pharmacy and health departments of all grades at the school, as well as basic, clinical and public health teachers. Zhong Nanshan was teaching in the 101 teaching and research group of the Basic Department of Beijing Medical University, and he was also one of the leading teachers of the medical team. There is a group photo of Hu Dayi and others on the Internet.
When Zhong Nanshan and others went to Kuancheng, they mainly studied Chinese herbal medicine. At that time, the teacher who taught them to identify Chinese herbal medicine was Xie Lanxing, a barefoot doctor in Kuancheng, and the experts from the medical team sent to the countryside in Beijing mainly taught Xie Lanxing basic medical diagnosis and treatment methods, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and other medical skills. The barefoot doctor Xie Lanxing led Zhong Nanshan and others to trek across mountains and rivers to collect Chinese herbal medicines. They climbed all over the mountains near Menziling, where they studied the growth laws, soil, rhizomes, picking seasons, etc. of Chinese herbal medicines, and picked them. Some were planted, some It will be made into pills and ointments. With the support of the people's commune, they grow Chinese herbal medicines and also set up a local pharmacy to serve the members of the commune.
Over the past year, Zhong Nanshan and others have learned more than a hundred kinds of herbs in the mountains. They are often sweaty on sunny days and muddy on rainy days. This process was recorded by Hu Dayi, a college student who was one of the members of the medical team and is now a famous cardiovascular expert and medical educator in China. In 1969, Hu Dayi was still a first-year college student, and Zhong Nanshan was a teacher. In May 2014, Hu Dayi went back to Kuancheng where he used to work. After returning to Beijing, he wrote a reminiscence article: "Back to Kuancheng". He also wrote in this article: "At that time, he criticized the traditional medical education system as follows: one year without medical side, three years without clinical side, and six years without side with workers and peasants." Learn from each other and work while learning. Teachers who go to the countryside also teach regularly, but more of them are teaching in medical practice.”, “At that time, Mr. Li from the Chinese Pharmacy of Peking University Hospital guided us to make medicines, and also taught us to memorize Chinese medicine. Soup, and the barefoot doctor find acupuncture points on each other's body, and practice acupuncture."
Teacher Hu Dayi mentioned the barefoot doctor Xie Lanxing in his article, and he said that they learned a lot from Xie Lanxing. He also wrote that at that time, when there were critically ill patients at home, the family members came to knock on the doctor's door. No matter day or night, wind or rain, the doctor carried the consultation box and walked the rugged mountain path with the family members. , Visit the patient's home. In the article "Back to Kuancheng" by Hu Dayi, what Mr. Hu Dayi wrote is the gratitude for that experience. The activities of sending medicine to the countryside, the barefoot doctors and the great pioneering work of the cooperative medical system made this A batch of medical and health workers who originally belonged to the city had more practical learning opportunities, learned a lot, tempered the quality of hard work, and formed an affectionate relationship with the vast rural masses.
But the complete article "Back to Kuancheng" cannot be found on the Internet. And Hu Dayan has a long list of many positions, including 77 positions in his current position. The first line in the character history is "1965.09 - 1970.09 Studied at Beijing Medical University (formerly Beijing Medical College)". Please note that this string of numbers "1965.09 - 1970.09" is the time for laying the foundation for college, and this time period is the period of the Cultural Revolution, which is traditionally considered to be the period of the Cultural Revolution without "learning knowledge". After graduation, Hu Dayi was able to work as a resident physician in the Cardiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical University from October 1970 to September 1983. Hu Dayi was born in Kaifeng in July 1946. He started studying in elementary school, middle school, and university. After the reform and opening up, he suddenly became a professor and doctoral supervisor expert. That's how history is made.
In the memories of academician Zhong Nanshan, there are not many records of his learning and practice stories in Kuancheng. In the "Southern People Weekly" published on the Peking University News Network, there is an article "Zhong Nanshan the Doctor". He used a sentence: "So from 1960 to In 1971, I didn’t work as a doctor for 11 years.” Summarizing his study and practice in Kuancheng for more than a year. I dare not even mention the story of learning from the barefoot doctor.
Li Lanjuan was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2005. Li Lanjuan grew up in the countryside since she was a child, and she knows that it is difficult for villagers to see a doctor. During high school, Li Lanjuan used her living expenses to buy some books on acupuncture and moxibustion, and went to the Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine to learn acupuncture and moxibustion techniques. In 1968, Li Lanjuan, who graduated from high school, became a substitute teacher in a middle school in her hometown. While working as a teacher, she relied on a silver needle and a handful of herbal medicine to treat illnesses for the villagers. Later, when the brigade established a rural cooperative medical station, Li Lanjuan resolutely chose to be a barefoot doctor.
Because of the lack of medicine and medicine, the barefoot doctors at that time had to go to the mountains to collect herbs by themselves, and Li Lanjuan was no exception. In more than half a year, Li Lanjuan got to know dozens of medicinal materials, which ones can be used to treat typhoid fever, which ones can be used to reduce swelling, and which ones can be used to treat falls, and she remembers them clearly. With 2 years of experience as a barefoot doctor, Li Lanjuan has devoted herself to serving the villagers and has been well received by the villagers.
In 1970, Li Lanjuan was recommended to study at Zhejiang Medical University as a "barefoot doctor". This is a college student of workers, peasants and soldiers who was recommended by the members of the people's communes during the Cultural Revolution. At that time, the school taught more theoretical knowledge of Western medicine, and the experience of a barefoot doctor also made Li Lanjuan a special student who knew both Western medicine and acupuncture and moxibustion among many classmates at Zhejiang Medical University. The barefoot doctor is Li Lanjuan's active choice. Her love of medicine, selflessness to patients, and this kind of character of being selfless and dedicated to benefiting others were cultivated in that era. the
On June 26, 1965, after reading the statistics on the distribution of health resources reported by the Ministry of Health, Chairman Mao proposed the famous 626 instruction: put the focus of medical and health work on the countryside! After this instruction was issued, Chairman Mao He also personally promoted the construction of the rural cooperative medical system and the training of barefoot doctors. The number of barefoot doctors and rural health workers reached 5 million at most. In the land of New China, every village has its own barefoot doctor. This great move has completely changed the lack of medical care and medicine in the rural areas of New China, and has greatly improved the health of the people. By 1978, the average life expectancy in New China had reached 68 years, exceeding the level of moderately developed countries.
The 626 instruction set off a vigorous movement of medicine to the countryside. A large number of urban medical workers came to the fields to eat, live and work with the rural people, and learn from each other. This includes academician Zhong Nanshan who became famous in the first battle of SARS, and academician Li Lanjuan was once a barefoot doctor.
From 1965 to 1985, barefoot doctors existed in the vast rural areas of China for 20 years. As the footprints of barefoot doctors spread among the peasants, the culture of traditional Chinese medicine also spread in grassroots rural areas. "One silver needle cures all diseases, and one red heart warms thousands of families." The barefoot doctor warmed the memory of a generation and solved the problem of seeing a doctor for hundreds of millions of farmers. However, up to now, "barefoot doctors" have become history, and there are only about 800,000 "country doctors" today, which is far lower than the 5 million barefoot doctors at their peak.
The vast number of farmers who benefited from the period of barefoot doctors are still full of nostalgia and gratitude when chatting. Barefoot doctors have enabled rural farmers to greatly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, especially schistosomiasis. Dramatically reduce infant and maternal mortality. These two achievements alone are enough to make the title of barefoot doctor go down in history. The World Bank and the United Nations have also recognized barefoot doctors, calling them China's first health revolution. The difficulty of seeing a doctor for rural farmers was changed because of the extremely successful barefoot doctor system during the Cultural Revolution. Farmers only need to hand in one yuan a year, registration costs only five cents, and the rest is paid from the public funds of the brigade. This made the farmers very happy. So cheap and convenient, why not do it? Ordinary ailments can become serious if left untreated. After the capitalist roaders came to power, most of the peasants who contracted production to households resisted stubbornly, resulting in serious illnesses and having to go to the hospital and spend a lot of money. Those who have no money can only wait to die.
In fact, the term "barefoot doctor" was not officially created, but was first called by the people. There are many varieties of rice in the south, and you have to be barefoot when you go to the fields. Over time, rural doctors who travel from village to household also have to go barefoot, so they are called barefoot doctors. The emergence of barefoot doctors originated from Mao Zedong's June 26 directive. Later, when Mao Zedong also knew this title, he said a word: Barefoot doctors are good. At that time, it happened to be accompanied by educated young people who went to the mountains and went to the countryside. This group of young people had a high level of education, and it was these people who eventually became the main body of barefoot doctors. Barefoot doctors grow Chinese herbal medicines to treat farmers. The main treatment methods are acupuncture and herbal medicines, and a few western medicine treatments such as intramuscular injection or intravenous injection can also be realized under strict aseptic conditions. The main methods of Western medicine they can still use are fever reduction, pain relief, anti-inflammatory, injections, red mercury, iodine, aspirin, cleaning and disinfection of small wounds, suturing and bandaging, prevention of infectious diseases, delivery, and publicizing patriotic health campaigns, etc.
The "Barefoot Doctor's Handbook", compiled collectively by several Chinese medicine schools, has become the most popular book besides Mao Zedong's quotations, and has even been translated into more than 50 languages by the United Nations and is popular all over the world. For the Barefoot Doctor, its popularity also had to do with engaging with country sensibilities. Medicine is inherently a relationship. The barefoot doctor was originally a farmer. In addition to medical treatment, I have to work in the fields. The patient must trust the doctor to cooperate with the doctor's treatment, and the doctor must understand the patient to empathize with the patient and relieve the patient's pain. However, Western doctors in urban hospitals are unable to do this. They are all superior and do not realize that medical treatment is also a human relationship, bringing a mechanical view into medical activities, resulting in indifference to patients. Now, with the worsening of doctor-patient conflicts, the doctor group has a great prejudice against the patient group. The patient's prejudice against the doctor is produced by the doctor's indifference to the patient. Most of the foreign studies on barefoot doctors highly praise this model. This model has popularized basic medical care at a low cost, which is an extremely great action. The United Nations still promotes this model in poor areas to this day. The Barefoot Doctor itself was produced by relying on the rural people's communes. After the reform and opening up, the rural people's commune system was disintegrated, and the barefoot doctor model will naturally disappear after the capitalist roaders change village doctors into private individuals.
Some of the urban medical workers who once went to the countryside to benefit from the era of barefoot doctors have already become famous, such as Zhong Nanshan and Hu Dayi. Some barefoot doctors who have experienced the "teacher's kindness" may have already forgotten that experience.
There are also those rural medical workers who used to be barefoot doctors, and some later became urban medical workers, such as Li Lanjuan, who preserved the excellent character cultivated in that era and contributed to the later medical field. Some still stay in the countryside, such as Xie Lanxing, who continue to guard the ordinary workers there and contribute their own light and heat.
However, the current status of rural doctors is far inferior to that of the past. During the period of barefoot doctors, the relationship between farmers and barefoot doctors was not only about seeing a doctor, but also the family relationship of farmers rather than doctor-patient relationship, let alone money relationship. Barefoot doctors are no matter whether it is windy or rainy, day or night, as long as someone comes to seek medical treatment, barefoot doctors will go to the mountains and countryside, rain or shine, and never ask whether they have money. The only purpose is to see a doctor, and the relationship between doctors and patients is harmonious and strong. But now, everything is linked to interests, and the relationship between doctors and patients has become tense. After the capitalist roaders usurped power and took power, the status of village doctors who changed their names in the eyes of farmers has naturally changed.
Although many families with the barefoot doctor complex have practiced medicine for generations, more and more doctors have expressed emotion in recent years: "My next generation will never be a country doctor again." With the increasingly tense relationship between doctors and patients, many doctors who graduated from college think so. The barefoot doctor system can only work when the socialist countryside realizes the collectivization of the people's communes.
After the capitalist roaders came to power, they disbanded the road of collectivization of rural people’s communes, and renamed barefoot doctors as village doctors. Village doctors belonged to privatized individual clinics. Farmers in flat areas in rural areas lived scattered, and in valley areas, they had to go over mountains and over mountains. , The village doctor walked for more than an hour with the medicine box on his back to give the patient an injection. It took nearly 3 hours on the road, and the charge was only 3 yuan per injection. Who wants to be the village doctor. Moreover, he has been a village doctor with "no status" for decades, receiving a salary of 30 yuan a month, and undertakes the diagnosis and treatment of common and frequently-occurring diseases in rural areas. Moreover, they are "half-agricultural, half-medical" agricultural medical practitioners who are separated from the medical system. In recent years, more and more village doctors have taken qualification certificates, but most of them left the village after obtaining the qualification certificates and transferred to Most of the village doctors who work in township health centers or county-level hospitals are village doctors with an average age of over 45. Village doctors in most areas face the dilemma of having no staff, no social security, and being farmers after retirement. Only 26% 43.76% of the village doctors have pension insurance, and the monthly pension amount is between 100 yuan and 500 yuan. There are also 19.82% of the village doctors whose monthly pension amount is less than 100 yuan. The number of village doctors is increasing at an average annual rate of 50,000. It will gradually disappear. This will not hurt the capitalist roaders and official capitalists who got rich first, and this group will get better medical care. But it will be harmful to farmers living in rural areas and valleys Who serves the people and who serves the RMB can be clearly seen from the strange phenomenon of changing barefoot doctors to village doctors and disappearing.
The barefoot doctor system back then was a great pioneering work. During the implementation of this system, the Chinese people also saw Chairman Mao's advocacy of the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, and mutual learning. In the new era, the experience of the barefoot doctor period is still worthy of study and study by current or future members of rural people's communes who have restored the collectivization of rural people's communes.
Rafiyu: Suddenly the barefoot doctor became popular again, talking about the local
Let me talk about the evaluation first. There are countless people living in this policy. Using the description of "Wan Jiasheng Buddha" is to give the Buddha's face, and the United Nations receives positive praise. I really don't know what is so black.
Most of the barefoot doctors I know were trained as apprentice doctors in the old society. As far as I can remember, the barefoot doctors are already the second generation. The source of the second generation is an educated youth, and the other is the offspring of an old barefoot doctor. The composition mode is mostly family style, and doctors and assistants are often husband and wife or father and son.
The entire township in my hometown has achieved one for each village, and some villages even have a few. Even those extremely poor villages in mountainous areas can guarantee one for each village, fully popularized, and fully covered. This point has already shined in the annals of history, and as far as I know, it can't be done now.
Villagers don't need to go out of the village when they get sick, such as headaches, brain fever, and minor illnesses. Barefoot doctors can't see serious illnesses, but they can guide you where to see them.
When it comes to technology, barefoot doctors are different from barefoot doctors. For example, there is a doctor in this village who can see teeth and can also set bones. Everyone in the four villages and eight miles knows that this is a good bone setter. Now they have opened a private hospital that specializes in bone setters.
There is also a very good cure for burns and scalds. This is a secret recipe handed down from the ancestors. It is said that there is Cordyceps sinensis in the ingredients. The amazing thing is that no matter how severe the burn is, it will not leave scars. This is a real ancestral doctor. He did not participate in the training of barefoot doctors. He only got a certificate. He doesn’t even know how to give injections. Whenever he needs an injection, he goes to the bone-setting barefoot doctor above for help. Now he has gone to a large hospital. Opened a specialist consultation.
In addition to these awesome ones, the most common ones are the ordinary ones. After 90 years, barefoot doctors were converted into village clinics.
Speaking of poor level, it is true that the level is not high, and most of them will simply give injections and prescribe some pills.
In addition, the barefoot doctor also has an important role in first aid. Many people would definitely die without the barefoot doctor. What impresses me deeply is that as long as the wounded in this village see blood, barefoot doctors will give tetanus, and those who don't want to fight will be chased to their homes. I don't know how many people have been saved by this.
But you just look at the poor level of others, what conditions do you look at? ?
The most important equipment is stethoscope, mercury sphygmomanometer and thermometer. A medical microscope is a huge orange outfit, and ordinary barefoot doctors can't afford it.
There are no X-ray CT blood analyzers at all, and I'm not trying to force the argument. Now that the doctors are free from those instruments, they are given this condition. They are afraid that they will not be able to treat any disease.
Having said so much nonsense, why is someone hacking them now? ?
The reason is simple: why not eat minced meat?
A dog was about to starve to death. The owner gave the dog a pancake to save him from starvation. Later, the beast found a lot of feces on the side of the road, and his belly became round after eating, so he thought the pancake was not good! !
Netizens comment on the barefoot doctor system
Back then, there were doctors who went to the countryside here, who were good at orthopedics. In the 1980s, my dad had a prolapsed lumbar disc and was unable to walk. He went to various hospitals in Ningbo and was unwilling to accept him. Later, I met this doctor in the 113 Hospital. In our countryside, it was only cured by manual massage. As I mentioned in the previous post, in 1983, my township hospital—a few brick and tile bungalows—could perform palm replantation surgery, and it was done by lighting candles in a power outage. It was probably because there was a former military doctor at that time. The township hospital passed by some time ago, and the ground is full of weeds. . . Back then, in fact, it was not just from scratch. . .
Now the township health center can only look at minor illnesses, and cooperate with the Health and Family Planning Commission to do some minor checkups by the way! It's similar to what my dad used to do, the more I live, the more I go back.
The treatment is not good, the equipment is not enough, and now it is the doctors with low seniority to gain experience. Those who are capable, or they will not come, the local ones, as the poster said, have opened private clinics, and the local ones are good - like orthopedics, snake medicine, liver disease - the doctors have inherited their father's work
Now this is basically paralyzed. The vaccinations are all taken in the county, not in the village. Some basic epidemic prevention measures are all mere formalities and meaningless.
Regardless of whether they are black or red, until now, socialist China is still number one in the world in terms of primary medical care. Even at the county level, it is much better than most state guests in the world, and the guaranteed percentage of the population is much larger. It's just that it's hard to say in the future, unless the policy is changed, otherwise, it is really going to the American medical care.
Not to mention the term barefoot doctor. At the beginning, these supreme instructions of Chairman Mao are still a good way to solve social conflicts. . . According to this idea, people's hospitals have been established at the county level and health centers at the commune level all over the country, and clinics have been set up at the brigade (equivalent to the current village) level to form a three-level rural medical system. 【Irokuma at Shirokuma Café】
After Liberation, Taizu "wanted to feed" the nearly tens of millions of civil servants of the former Nationalist Government, and accepted them all. The most successful ideological reform was the medical system. Contrast the pig's so-called "reform" of education and medical care, fuck [Ain Driver]
This is the fundamental reason why China's starting point for nation-building is lower than that of India, but its development effect is better than that of India: whom to rely on and for whom to govern. Some people in this forum say that the purpose of poverty alleviation is to pay off debts, but I think we should find the reason from the root of who is in power. To put it bluntly, the people who come from the source of troops are stable, and the political power is stable.
新中国伟大的赤脚医生制度
1965年6月26日，毛主席发现全国140多万卫生技术人员城市占80%农村占10%，医疗经费农村占25%城市占75%。广大农村地区缺医少药，一无医生二无药，农民得小病硬抗，大病等死。
毛主席拍案大怒说:“卫生部不是人民的卫生部，改叫城市卫生部、老爷卫生部好了，或者叫城市老爷卫生部。”之后亲自下令解决农村医疗问题，赤脚医生就这样随之而后旦生。
告诉卫生部，卫生部的工作只给全国人口的百分之十五工作，而这百分之十五中主要还是老爷。广大农民得不到医疗。一无医，二无药，卫生部不是人民的卫生部，改成城市卫生部或城市老爷卫生部好了。
医学教育要改革，根本用不着读那么多书，华陀读的是几年制?明朝李时珍读的是几年制?医学教育用不着收什么高中生、初中生，高小毕业生学三年就够了。主要在实践中学习提高，这样的医生放到农村去，就算本事不大，总比骗人的医生与巫医的要好，而且农村也养得起。
书读得越多越蠢。现在那套检查治疗方法根本不适合农村，培养医生的方法，也是为了城市，可是中国有五亿多农民。
脱离群众，工作把大量人力、物力放在研究高、深、难的疾病上，所谓尖端，对于一些常见病，多发病，普遍存在的病，怎样预防，怎样改进治疗，不管或放的力量很少。尖端的问题不是不要，只是应该放少量的人力、物力，大量的人力、物力应该放在群众最需要的问题上去。
还有一件怪事，医生检查一定要戴口罩，不管什么病都戴。是怕自己有病传染给别人?我看主要是怕别人传染给自己。要分别对待嘛!什么都戴，这首先造成医生与病人的隔阂。
城市里的医院应该留下一些毕业后一年、二年的本事不大的医生，其余的都到农村去。四清到××年扫尾，基本结束了，可是四清结束，农村的医疗、卫生工作没结束啊!
把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去嘛!
赤脚医生的由来
1965年6月26日，毛泽东按照中央办公厅的安排，听卫生部部长钱信忠汇报工作。
钱信忠在作了卫生部工作的一般性汇报后，讲到了全国医务人员分布情况和医疗经费使用的占比：全国现有 140 多万名卫生技术人员，高级医务人员 90%在城市，其中70%在大城市，20%在县城，只有10%在农村 ；医疗经费的使用农村只占25%，城市则占去了75%。
毛泽东听到这组数字后发怒了，他严厉地说：“卫生部的工作只给全国人口的 15% 工作，而且这 15%中主要是老爷，广大农民得不到医疗，一无医，二无药。卫生部不是人民的卫生部，改成城市卫生部或老爷卫生部，或城市老爷卫生部好了！”
“应该把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去！”
“培养一大批‘农村也养得起’的医生，由他们来为农民看病服务。”
毛泽东发怒后，卫生部立即研究贯彻毛泽东指示的办法。由于毛泽东这次发怒中作出的指示是在6月26日，因此卫生部把毛泽东在这一天的指示称为“六二六指示”。
1968年夏天，在全国有影响的上海《文汇报》在重要位置发表了《从“赤脚医生”的成长看医学教育革命的方向》这篇调查报告。该文发表后，立即引起北京宣传部门的重视。当年9月出版的《红旗》杂志第3期和9月14日出版的《人民日报》全文转载了这篇调查报告。文章先后在 3 个重头报刊上发表，自然引起了广泛关注。特别是这篇文章中第一次把农村半医半农的卫生员称为“赤脚医生”，让人耳目一新。这篇文章引起了毛泽东的关注。毛泽东仔细阅读了 9 月 14 日当天《人民日报》上发表的这篇文章，并且在他阅过的《人民日报》上批示 ：“赤脚医生就是好”。毛泽东的批示很快下达，并且立即转化成各级党政部门的行动。从此， “赤脚医生”成为半农半医的乡村医生的特定称谓。更重要的是，按此思路，全国各地在县一级已经成立人民医院、公社一级成立卫生院的基础上，在大队（相当于现在的村）一级都设立了卫生室，构成农村三级医疗体系。
在大队一级卫生室工作的医务人员，都是“半农半医”的“赤脚医生”。与此同时，各级卫生部门开始下大力气，按照上海川沙县江镇公社的做法，着手大批培训“半农半医”人员。当时，也正是知识青年上山下乡的高潮，一批下到农村的初、高中生，由于文化水平较当地农民青年要高，也自然成了接受“半农半医”的“赤脚医生”培训的主体。他们学成后，大都当上了“赤脚医生”。这种情况，促使中国的“赤脚医生”队伍在短期内迅速形成，农村医疗状况迅速改观。活跃在广阔农村的“半农半医”群体，确实受到了广大农民的欢迎。农民有个头疼脑热，再不用远赴公社或者县城去医治了，劳动中受的一般创伤能够及时治疗。而且，农民们在大队卫生室或者公社卫生院看病，医疗费用主要从公社和大队积累资金中出，除扣少量工分外，社员基本上不花什么钱，有的地方连 5 分钱的挂号费也不收，这怎么能不受到广大农民的由衷拥护和欢迎呢？
随着“赤脚医生”规模的形成，当时农村合作医疗制度也建立起来了。农村合作医疗制度是湖北省一个名叫覃祥官的“赤脚医生”发明的。他通过深入各生产队调查摸底，借鉴党领导农民组织起来办信用社摆脱高利贷的剥削，办供销合作社摆脱奸商剥削的经验，考虑到了组织农民办合作医疗，依靠集体的力量来和疾病作斗争的思路，拿出了《关于乐园公社杜家村大队试行农民合作看病的草案》。这个草案得到大队和公社的肯定和支持。为了将覃祥官的草案变为现实，乐园公社大力支持杜家村大队办卫生室。
1966 年 8 月 10 日，这个处于鄂西长阳土家山寨的卫生室挂牌了。这个合作医疗的具体办法是：农民每人每年交1元钱的合作医疗费，村里再从集体公益金中每人平均提取 5 角钱作为合作医疗基金。除个别老痼疾病要常年吃药的以外，群众每次看病只交 5分钱的挂号费，吃药就不要钱了。
中共中央对这个经验十分重视，派员对这个经验进行核实后，将反映这个经验的材料拿到北京郊区农村，组织农民开了两次座谈会进行讨论。1968年11月30日，中央有关部门专门给毛泽东写了一个报告，毛泽东看了报告后，非常高兴，连声称赞合作医疗制度好，并且当即在报告上写下了 4个字 ：“此件照办。”毛泽东的批示，是对农村合作医疗制度的肯定。
从此，在毛泽东的肯定和支持下，大队一级设立赤脚医生，同时在大队一级建立合作医疗制度，成为当时中国的新生事物，并作为中国亿万农民的最大福利制度，在中国建立起来了。
拉菲雨：忽然赤脚医生又火了，说下本地的
先说评价，这个政策活人无数，用万家生佛形容那是给佛脸面，联合国收入正面表扬，我真不知道有什么好黑的。
我知道的赤脚医生多数是从旧社会医生学徒培训而来，到我记事儿的时候赤脚医生已经是第二代了。第二代人员来源一个是知青，另一个是老赤脚医生的后代，组成模式也多半是家庭式，医生和助手往往是夫妻或父子。
本人老家全乡镇已经做到每村一个，有个别村甚至有几个，就是山区里那些巨穷的村子都能保证一村一个，完全普及，全部覆盖。就这一点已经彪炳史册了，据我所知现在反而做不到了。
村民得病，头疼脑热小病不用出村，大病赤脚医生看不了，但是能指导你去哪里看，该急还是该缓。
说到技术，赤脚医生和赤脚医生还不一样，例如本村的有个能看牙的，顺便还能正骨，四乡八里都知道这个正骨厉害，现在已经开了家私人医院，专门正骨。
还有个治烧烫伤很厉害的，这位是祖传秘方，据说配料里有冬虫夏草，牛逼之处就是无论多重的烧烫伤都能不留疤。这位是真祖传，没参加赤脚医生培训，只办了个证，他连打针都不会，每遇到需要打针的就去上面那个正骨的赤脚医生那里请帮忙，现在已经去了一家大型医院开专科坐诊了。
除了这些牛逼的，最多的还是那些普通的，90年之后都赤脚医生改成村卫生室。
说到水平差，确实水平不高，大部分只会简单的打针，开些药片儿。
另外赤脚医生还有个及重要的作用就是急救，很多人要是没赤脚医生在绝对死球了。我印象很深的是本村的只要受伤见血，赤脚医生都要给打破伤风，不愿意打的都要追到人家里去，就这一点就不知道救活了多少人。
但你光看人家水平差了，你看人家什么条件？？
最主要的装备是听诊器、水银血压计和体温计。一台医用显微镜是巨牛逼的橙装，一般的赤脚医生根本装备不起。
什么x光ct血液分析仪之类一概没有，我也不是硬抬杠，现在医生脱离了那些仪器，就给他们这条件，他们怕是什么病都看不了。
乱七八糟说了这么多，为什么现在有人黑他们？？
原因很简单：何不食肉糜？
一条狗快饿死了，主人拿个饼子给狗吃让免予饿死，后来这畜生路边发现了一大堆屎，吃的肚皮滚圆，就觉得那个饼子不好吃了！！
网友评赤脚医生制度
我当年这里还有下乡的医生，骨科好手，80年代我爸腰间盘突出无法走路，跑遍宁波各医院都不愿意收，后来是在113医院里碰到这个医生，靠人情--曾经在我们乡下乡，才动手推拿治好的。上一个帖子我说起过，83年，我乡乡医院--几间砖瓦平房--能做手掌再植手术，停电点蜡烛做的，估计当时是因为有曾经军医。乡医院前段时间还路过过，满地荒草。。。当年，其实已经不仅仅是从无到有了。。。
现在乡卫生院也只能看点小病，顺便配合卫计委做些小检查！跟我爸以前做的差不多，越活越回去了。
待遇不行，设备不够，现在就是低年资的医生来增加经验的。有能耐的，要么不会来，本土的就像楼主帖子里说的，都开私人诊所了，本地有把好手的--像骨科，蛇药，肝病--医生都子承父业了
现在这个基本瘫痪了，防疫针都是去县里打，哪有在村里打的，一些基本防疫措施什么的，全部流于形式，毫无意义。
不论乃们黑也好，红也好，到现在，社会主义的我中国在基层医疗上仍然是全球第一。即使是到县一极，也比世界上大多数国宾都 好得多，保障的人口百分比也大得多。只不过以后就难说了，除非政策改，要不然，真的是往美式医疗奔着去的。【超级巨浪】2
不谈赤脚医生这个词。当初，毛主席的这些最高指示，放在现在依然是解决社会矛盾的好办法。。。按此思路，全国各地在县一级已经成立人民医院、公社一级成立卫生院的基础上，在大队（相当于现在的村）一级都设立了卫生室，构成农村三级医疗体系。【白熊咖啡厅的白熊】
解放后，太祖对原国民政府近千万公务员“要给饭吃”，全盘接收，思想改造最成功的就是医疗系统。对比猪的所谓教育医疗“改革”，他妈的【爱因司机】
这就是中国建国起点比印度低，但是发展效果比印度好的根本原因：执政依靠谁，为了谁。本坛有人说扶贫是为了还债，但我认为还是应该从执政为谁这个根子上去找原因。不客气的讲，兵源地人心是稳的，政权就是稳的。
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