In 1958, Lin Biao suddenly attended the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission.1958年，林彪突然出席军委扩大会议，彭德怀后来说：对我影响极大

 In 1958, Lin Biao suddenly attended the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission. Peng Dehuai later said: It had a great influence on me.

Lao Qin wrote the article "In 1958, Deng Xiaoping Supported the System Proposed by Peng Dehuai, Huang Kecheng: Chairman Mao Has Always Been Doubtful About It", which mentioned: From March 9th to 26th, 1958, Chairman Mao presided over the A working conference of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. After that, from May to July 1958, Peng Dehuai presided over an enlarged meeting of the Military Commission. This enlarged meeting of the Military Commission is not an ordinary meeting. It has a major impact on the development of our army.

Things have to start from the beginning.

In other words, Chairman Mao published an article "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" on the eve of the founding of New China, emphasizing that in order to build a new China, we must "learn what we don't understand" from the Soviet Union.

Therefore, in terms of army building, we have entered a new period of learning from the Soviet Union since the second half of 1949.

How to learn it?

One is to hire a large number of Soviet consultants and experts to pass on scriptures and treasures to us; the other is to purchase a large number of weapons, equipment, and military factory equipment, as well as military regulations, rules, systems, technical drawings, materials, and books; the third is to send overseas students and The delegation went to the Soviet Union to study and observe.

It must be explained that Chairman Mao's move was an efficient shortcut to speed up military building in the short term, and it played an inestimable role in shortening the gap between our military and the militaries of developed countries.

After Peng Dehuai re-entered the High Command in 1952, after in-depth research, he found that a considerable part of the experience of the Soviet Army was suitable for the Soviet Union, but not or not completely suitable for China.

Through contact with the Soviet military training consultants who came to China, Zhu De also found that the Soviet army deviated from Lenin's principles in many places. He had discussed this matter with Peng Dehuai many times.

However, he told Peng Dehuai:

"These should be regarded as shortcomings or mistakes. The nature of the Soviet army has not changed. We should still praise the Soviet army in public foreign affairs occasions."

Chen Yi expressed it to Peng Dehuai very simply, he said:

"We don't interfere in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union, as long as we don't blindly worship them ideologically."

By 1955, our army had completed the strategic transformation from the war years to the peace era, and the army's academies system was initially established, and the learning from the Soviet model reached its peak.

Peng Dehuai felt more and more strongly that the negative impact brought about by comprehensive study of the Soviet Army had impacted the fine traditions of our army to varying degrees.

Beginning in the second half of 1955, Peng Dehuai devoted himself to restoring and maintaining the fine traditions of the People's Liberation Army and eliminating external negative influences through three enlarged meetings of the Military Commission and a series of work to revise relevant regulations and regulations.

On May 25, 1956, after studying the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held in February of that year, Chairman Mao gave a speech "On the Ten Major Relationships", calling for "analytical and critical" learning from foreign experience , can not follow blindly.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China subsequently issued the “Notice on Studying Five Documents including <Reforming Our Learning>” in June.

This notice aroused strong repercussions in the military, especially the Military Training Directorate (referred to as "Training General") under the direct leadership of the Military Commission.

At the beginning of the establishment of the "Training General", Marshal Liu Bocheng served as the minister, and six generals Xiao Ke, Li Da, Zhang Zongxun, Peng Shaohui, Zhou Shidi, and Guo Tianmin served as the deputy ministers. Because Liu Bocheng was also in charge of the leadership work of the Nanjing Military Academy, he was too busy, so he handed over the daily work of the "Training General" to Ye Jianying, who was then the Minister of Supervision of the Armed Forces, as an agent.

It is not difficult to see that the "training general" is a leading department with great responsibilities.

The cadres of the "Training General" organ formed two understandings and two opinions during the study of the five documents.

One kind of opinion believes that continuing to study the experience of the Soviet army in depth can shorten the gap between our army and the Soviet army in the level of regularization and modernization; Overcome dogmatic tendencies in training.

The debate between these two views is getting more and more intense.

In the spring of 1958, at the four-level cadre meeting within the "General Training Organization", the debate between the two opinions reached a fever pitch.

The two sides fought tit for tat and had a clear-cut stand, but neither could convince the other. As a result, the dispute lasted for more than 40 days, and the problem still remained unresolved.

Well, things went back to the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission from May to July 1958 mentioned at the beginning of this article.

This enlarged meeting of the Military Commission is a well-known anti-dogmatic meeting in the military.

It was some central and local leaders who participated in the Chengdu meeting who proposed to hold this enlarged meeting of the Military Commission.

Chairman Mao advocated "abolishing superstition and emancipating the mind" at the Chengdu Conference, and some leaders of the central government brought it up, saying that the army was lagging behind and should quickly catch up. "It is recommended that the Military Commission convene an enlarged meeting...to unify understanding, raise awareness, and implement various tasks on this basis."

Peng Dehuai then called Huang Kecheng in Beijing and asked him to start preparing for an enlarged meeting of the Military Commission.

This enlarged meeting was officially opened on May 27, and it was opened until July 22, which lasted a total of 57 days.

Peng Dehuai did not expect such a long meeting at the beginning.

During the Chengdu meeting, he had exchanged views with Zhou Enlai. Regarding the central topic of this meeting, he originally wanted to solve other problems. However, due to Lin Biao's sudden attendance at this enlarged meeting of the Military Commission, the central topic of the meeting became anti-dogmatism.

Why is it said that Lin Biao attended the meeting "suddenly"?

In the article "In 1965, Liu Shaoqi announced the abolition of the military rank system, Zhou Enlai shook his head again and again, and Peng Dehuai was saddened" written by Lao Tan the day before yesterday: In October 1951, the Central Committee decided that Lin Biao would preside over the work of the Military Commission, but Lin Biao's old injury and new illness Simultaneous outbreak, only more than 3 months to work, just asked for leave to rest. After that, since Peng Dehuai presided over the daily work of the Military Commission in 1952, Lin Biao did not attend any military-wide meetings, high-level cadre meetings or enlarged meetings of the Military Commission every year.

This time, he unexpectedly attended and spoke on the first day of the opening, setting the tone for the central theme of the conference.

Lin Biao said at the meeting that he had come into contact with the materials on the debate on anti-dogmatism at the four-level cadre meeting of the Training Directorate, and felt that this issue was very important. After asking Chairman Mao for instructions, he decided to use anti-dogmatism as the theme of the meeting.

Chairman Mao was indeed very concerned about this enlarged meeting of the Military Commission. On the fourth day of the meeting, he instructed Huang Kecheng to "separate the lines of fire and start a war so that we can better solve the problem."

On June 6, after listening to Deng Xiaoping's report on the meeting, Chairman Mao asked him to talk to a few comrades from the Military Commission about the method of holding the meeting.

Deng Xiaoping then invited Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, Ye Jianying, Huang Kecheng and others to hold a small symposium on the morning of June 7, to "breathe" the participants, and proposed that future meetings should be held as a way to rectify the government. Each headquarters was positioned as the target of criticism, creating a tense atmosphere within a week, allowing everyone to speak out boldly, raise opinions in a communist style, and explain the problem thoroughly.

As the person in charge of the daily work of the Military Commission, Peng Dehuai spoke eloquently at the meeting on June 7 all afternoon, clarifying

"The struggle between the two lines in the construction of the army has existed for a long time." "We must fight resolutely against these non-Marxist or anti-Marxist things."

However, on June 8, Huang Kecheng received an important instruction from Chairman Mao: If the meeting does not go well, everyone should not leave.

In this way, the problem has heated up, and anti-dogmatism is no longer a problem of ideological understanding, but a problem of military line struggle.

Peng Dehuai finally agreed to bring the debate at the four-level cadre meeting of the training director department to the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission.

As a result, the number of people attending the meeting increased greatly. On the afternoon of June 20, the number of people officially attending was 1004, and the number of people attending was 438. The venue was also moved from No. 20 Sanzuomen Street to Zhongnanhai Huairen Hall.

The process of the meeting officially entered the stage of the struggle of the military line with the theme of anti-dogmatism.

It must be added that Peng Dehuai had previously referred the disputes within the four-level cadre meeting to the "Training General" party committee to make its own conclusions, and did not intend to submit them to the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission.

Five days after the official meeting of the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission, that is, on the afternoon of May 31, Peng Dehuai sincerely invited Xiao Ke, Zhang Zongxun, Li Da, Peng Shaohui, and Li Zuopeng to his home for a discussion, hoping that they would "rectify their thinking and get rid of their prejudices." , continue to unite with sincerity, trust each other politically, and seek common ground while reserving differences.

That is to say, Peng Dehuai originally regarded the dogmatism tendency as a problem of ideological understanding, and was unwilling to escalate into a "struggle between lines."

But the confrontation between the two ideas at the four-level cadre meeting continued and became more intense.

In addition, on June 21, Chairman Mao spoke at the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission. He said: "I haven't done military work in the past few years. Of course, military work is basically done well. There are achievements and shortcomings. For shortcomings, the Military Commission is responsible, and the Central Committee is also responsible. Everyone's criticism of the Military Commission and the Central Committee , is a criticism of Peng Dehuai and me."

The atmosphere had already reached this point, and Peng Dehuai, speaking on behalf of the presidium, had no choice but to review the dangers of dogmatism in the army before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and then the “resurrection” of military dogmatism after the national victory, criticizing himself:

"On the issue of dogmatism, I am responsible", "I will not evade this responsibility".

After Peng Dehuai finished speaking, Chairman Mao instructed:

"How much dogmatism exists in the army? This Military Commission meeting must analyze and study it realistically. Don't exaggerate or narrow it. You must stick to the truth... Resolutely oppose dogmatism, overthrow slavery, and bury dogmatism."

Chairman Mao also held the second symposium for group leaders on June 29, focusing on the issues of the military academy and the training directorate, and mentioned the names of Liu Bocheng and Xiao Ke.

Then, after July 1, people's speeches at the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission not only focused on criticizing dogmatism, but also continued to expose, amplify, and criticize certain activities of the "Training General" at the meeting.

Later, Liu Bocheng, Xiao Ke and others who were considered to have committed dogmatic errors were forced to conduct self-criticism.

And critical speeches continued until the 15th.

Peng Dehuai, who presided over the drafting of the concluding remarks of the conference, unknowingly took anti-dogmatism as a political movement, which had a major adverse effect on the construction of the army.

Four years later, that is, in 1962, Peng Dehuai, who was idle in Wu's garden, recalled the past and felt extremely guilty. He once said to his nephew Peng Qiqi with infinite remorse: "Lin Biao's sudden attendance at the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission in May 1958 caused a great harm to me. It has had a huge impact. You have the opportunity to meet Xiao Ke, and you must apologize to him on my behalf."

1958年，林彪突然出席军委扩大会议，彭德怀后来说：对我影响极大

老覃在前天写了《1958年，邓小平支持彭德怀所提制度，黄克诚：毛主席对此一贯怀疑》一文，文中提到：1958年3月9至26日，毛主席在成都郊外金牛坝宾馆主持召开了中共中央工作会议。这之后，在1958年5月至7月，彭德怀主持召开了军委扩大会议。这个军委扩大会议，可不是普通的会议，它对我军的发展有着重大的影响。

事情得从头说起。

话说，毛主席在新中国建立前夕，曾发表过《论人民民主专政》一文，强调为建设新中国，我们必须向苏联“学会自己不懂的东西”。

于是，在军队建设上，我们从1949年下半年开始就进入了向苏联学习的新时期。

怎么学呢？

一是聘请大批苏联顾问、专家来给我们传经送宝；二是购进大量的武器、装备和军工厂设备，以及军队的条令、规章、制度、技术图纸资料及书刊等；三是派遣留学生和考察团到苏联学习、观摩。

必须说明的是，毛主席此举乃是短期内加快军队建设的高效捷径，对我军缩短与发达国家军队的差距起到了难以估量的作用。

彭德怀在1952年再次进入统帅部工作后，经过深入研究，他发现，苏军的经验中，有相当部分适合于苏联，但不适合或不完全适合于中国的。

朱德通过和来华的苏联军事训练顾问接触，也发现苏军有不少地方是背离了列宁的原则的，他曾就此事多次与彭德怀展开商讨。

不过，他叮嘱彭德怀说：

“这些应该算是缺点或错误，苏军的本质没有改变，我们在公开外事场合仍应赞扬苏军。”

陈毅则向彭德怀表达得非常干脆，他说：

“苏联内部的事，我们不去干涉，只是思想上不盲目崇拜就行了。”

到了1955年，我军完成了从战争年代到和平年代的战略转变，全军院校体系也初步建设起来，向苏军模式的学习达到高峰。

彭德怀越来越强烈地感觉到，全面学习苏军所带来的负面影响已对我军的优良传统在不同程度上形成了冲击。

从1955年下半年开始，彭德怀通过三次军委扩大会议和修订有关条令规章一系列工作，致力于恢复保持解放军的优良传统，祛除外来消极影响。

1956年5月25日，毛主席在研究了苏联共产党在该年2月召开的第20次代表大会后，作了《论十大关系》的演讲，要求“有分析有批判”地学习外国经验，不能盲从。

中共中央随后在6月发出了《关于学习<改造我们的学习>等五个文件的通知》。

这个通知在军队中引起强烈的反响，尤其是军委直接领导下的军事训练总监部(简称“训总”)。

“训总”成立之初，由刘伯承元帅任部长、由萧克、李达、张宗逊、彭绍辉、周士第、郭天民六位上将任副部长。因为刘伯承还要主持南京军事学院领导工作，忙得不可开交，就把“训总”日常工作交由时任武装力量监察部长的叶剑英代理。

不难看出，“训总”是一个责任重大的领导部门。

“训总”机关干部在学习五个文件中，形成了两种认识、两种意见。

一种意见认为，继续深入学习苏军经验，可以更快缩短我军在正规化现代化水平上与苏军的差距；另一种意见认为，苏军的一套并不都适合我国的国情，我们要克服训练中的教条主义倾向。

这两种意见的争论越来越激烈。

1958年春，在“训总”机关内部的四级干部会议上，两种意见的争论达到了白热化的程度。

双方的针锋相对，旗帜鲜明，却谁也说服不了对方，以至争论延续了40多天，问题仍得不到解决。

那么，事情回到了本文开头提到的1958年5月至7月的军委扩大会议上来了。

这个军委扩大会议，是军内闻名的反教条主义的会议。

提出召开这个军委扩大会议的，是参加了成都会议的部分中央和地方领导人。

毛主席在成都会议上倡导“破除迷信，解放思想”，有中央领导人就提出来了，说军队落后了，应当赶快跟上来。“建议军委召集一次扩大会议……统一认识，提高觉悟，并在这个基础上使各项工作得以贯彻”。

彭德怀于是给在北京的黄克诚打电话，要求他着手准备召开军委扩大会议的工作。

这次扩大会议，从5月27日正式开幕，一开就开到了到7月22日，前后历时共57天。

彭德怀在一开始并没有料到会开这么长时间的会议的。

他在成都会议期间曾和周恩来交换过意见，对这次会议的中心议题，原是想解决别的问题的。但是，由于林彪突然出席了这次军委扩大会议，会议的中心议题成为了反教条主义。

为什么说林彪是“突然”出席了会议呢？

老覃在大前天写的《1965年，刘少奇宣布取消军衔制，周恩来连连摇头，彭德怀黯然神伤》一文中讲到：1951年10月，中央确定由林彪来主持军委工作，但林彪的旧伤新病同时发作，上班仅3个多月，就请假休息了。这之后，从1952年彭德怀主持军委日常工作以来，每年召开全军性会议、高干会或军委扩大会议，林彪都没有参加。

这次，他意外地出席了，并在开幕的第一天讲了话，给这次会议的中心议题定下了调子。

林彪在会议上说，他接触到了训练总监部四级干部会关于反教条主义争论的材料，觉得这个问题很重要，通过请示毛主席，决定以反教条主义为这个会议的主题。

毛主席也的确对这次军委扩大会非常关心，在大会开始的第四天，他就向黄克诚指示，要大家“把火线扯开，挑起战来，以便于更好地解决问题”。

6月6日，毛主席听了邓小平对会议情况的汇报后，要他找军委的少数同志谈谈会议的开法。

邓小平遂于6月7日上午邀请了彭德怀、林彪、罗荣桓、叶剑英、黄克诚等人召开了一个小型座谈会，给与会人员“吹气”，提出今后会议开法为机关整风的办法，把军委、各总部定位为批判的对象，在一周内造成鸣放的紧张气氛，让大家大胆发言，以共产主义的风格提意见，把问题讲透。

作为主持军委日常工作的负责人，彭德怀在6月7日的大会上洋洋洒洒地讲了一个下午，明确

“建军中两条路线的斗争是长期存在的”“要与这些非马克思主义的东西或反马克思主义的东西作坚决斗争”。

但是，6月8日，黄克诚从毛主席处得到重要指示：这个会开不好，大家就不要走。

这么一来，问题升温了，反教条主义就不再是思想认识问题，而是军事路线斗争问题了。

彭德怀最终同意把训练总监部四级干部会的争论提到军委扩大会议上来。

参加会议的人数因此大增，6月20日下午，正式出席的人数为1004人，列席的人数为438人，会场也由三座门大街20号移到中南海怀仁堂。

会议的进程正式进入了以反教条主义为主题的军事路线斗争阶段。

必须补充一下，对于四级干部会内部的争论，彭德怀之前是交由“训总”党委自行作结论，不准备提交军委扩大会的。

军委扩大会议正式开会5天之后，也就是5月31日的下午，彭德怀曾诚意拳拳地邀请萧克、张宗逊、李达、彭绍辉和李作鹏到自己家里座谈，希望他们“整一下思想，把成见去掉”，继续精诚团结，在政治上互相信任，求同存异。

也就是说，彭德怀对教条主义倾向，原本是当作思想认识问题来看待的，不愿意升级为“路线斗争”的。

但四级干部会上的两种思想对抗依然在继续，而且更加强烈。

另外，6月21日，毛主席又在军委扩大会议上讲了话。他说：“我这几年没有抓军事。当然喽，军事工作基本上是做得好的，有成绩，也有缺点。对于缺点，军委有责任，中央也有责任。大家对军委、对中央的批评，就是对彭德怀以及对我的批评。”

气氛已经烘托到这里了，代表主席团讲话的彭德怀只好回顾建国以前军队中教条主义的危害，接着全国胜利以后军事教条主义的“复活”，自我批评说：

“在教条主义问题上，我是有责任的”，“我不逃避这个责任”。

毛主席在彭德怀讲完之后，指示说：

“军队中究竟存在有多少教条主义，这次军委会议要实事求是地加以分析研究，不要夸大，也不要缩小，要坚持真理……坚决反对教条主义，打倒奴隶思想，埋葬教条主义。”

毛主席还在6月29日召开了第二次小组长座谈会，着重谈了军事学院和训练总监部的问题，提到了刘伯承和萧克的名字。

那么，到了7月1日以后，人们在军委扩大会议上的发言不仅是集中到批判教条主义，而且对“训总”的某些活动也不断在大会上揭发、放大、批判。

到后来，刘伯承、萧克和其他被认为犯有教条主义错误的人，被迫进行了检讨。

而批判性的发言一直持续到15日。

负责主持起草大会总结发言的彭德怀，不知不觉地把反教条主义作为一场政治运动来抓，从而给军队建设带来重大的不利影响。

时隔4年，即1962年，在吴家花园赋闲的彭德怀回思旧事，无比愧疚，曾懊悔无限地对侄儿彭启起说：“林彪突然出席1958年5月的军委扩大会议上，对我造成了巨大的影响。你有机会见到了萧克，一定要代我向他道歉。”