"Greek/Western Philosophy" is Pseudoscience: The Original Sin of Racism——Swallowing the Ignorant Belief System Concocted by "Sinology"“希腊/西方哲学”乃伪学：种族主义之原罪 ——生吞“汉学”炮制出的愚昧信仰体系
"Greek/Western Philosophy" is Pseudoscience: The Original Sin of Racism——Swallowing the Ignorant Belief System Concocted by "Sinology"
【Notes on Western History】: "Western Philosophy" is the most confusing concept. First of all, "Western philosophy" (including "ancient Greek philosophy") is the core content of Western centralism, and its concept itself has its own halo, which has an incomparably "sacred" appearance. However, after looking at the history, I realized that "Western philosophy" turned out to be water without a source and a tree without roots. Looking at the reason, it turns out that modern Western missionaries plagiarized the inherent concepts in Chinese classics, sold them back to the European continent, and then swallowed them alive by good scholars behind closed doors, concocting academic imitations called "Ancient Greek Philosophy" and "Western Philosophy" with ulterior motives , as a political and cultural tool of Western centrism. In fact, because there is no source of running water, it looks fancy but not useful. It is just a conceptual game, flashy and unrealistic. Furthermore, because "Western philosophy" is rooted in the colonial expansion movement, it is difficult to wash away the birthmark of its evil original sin of racism!
In this article, the author cites the research conclusions of a large number of good-natured and insightful people in the West, succinctly and comprehensively revealing the origin and harm of the concept of "Western philosophy"; no matter "Ancient Greek philosophy" or modern "Western philosophy", both originally Out of brain storms, it is more than enough to bluff people, but not enough to use it. Using it in social practice is not only useless, but harmful, and the damage is very serious.
Chinese academic circles still lack a deep understanding of the pseudo-concept of "Western philosophy", and there are even some words and deeds of worshiping it. It is an urgent task for the academic community to recognize its true face as soon as possible, get rid of the blind worship of the false concept of "Western philosophy", and then eradicate its bad influence, and get out of the "maze" of Western centralism!
Graphic: Students should be taught the true history of world philosophy
foreword
This article and other related works[1] reveal that the "Western philosophy" (including ancient Greek philosophy) constructed by the modern West by appropriating Chinese literature is not only utterly devoid of wisdom, but also appalling and soul-stirring - "venomous garbage", Very negative energy! From three aspects:
First, "Western philosophy" has been the theoretical guide for the numerous and enormous man-made disasters created by Europe and the United States for hundreds of years; from wars of aggression to world wars, from genocide to Nazi massacres, they are all related to it.
Second, as a Western-centric belief system, it works wonders to make modern people—especially intellectuals—dumb. In other words, "Western philosophy" is an "artifact" for making stupidity.
Third, "Western philosophy" embodies the negative (stupid) extremes of human beings. It leads to the self-destruction of human beings. Many scholars argue that the Western philosophy of "conquering nature" is the spiritual root of the earth's ecological crisis.
1. From the perspective of the history of philosophy, the reasons and consequences of the fictional "Ancient Greece"
The 1780s was the "opening era" of Western philosophy: a Western orthodox philosophical system originated from "Ancient Greece" was concocted. As a "secular religion" of racism and Eurocentrism, in the process of cooperating with the global expansion of colonial-imperialism, it swelled deformedly and made great achievements, and finally became the "curse" that led to the world war. In the 1930s, Heidegger Seoul changed the "two-Greek tradition" to "mono-Greek" (abandoning Hebrew/Jewish/Jewish religion), which has a strong motivation for the annexation of the West. [2]
The hundred years before 1780 was the gestation period for fabricating the "Western philosophy" system. In fact, it was the characteristic and origin of the East. This was almost the consensus of the European intellectuals at that time. Several related essays [3] first published on the official account of "Distinguishing Falsification of Western History" and the website of Love Tradition (ict88.com) [3] can be summarized as the "Chinese Trilogy" of the gestation period of Western philosophy:
First, the premise - the Chinese character "expression": expresses "universal concepts". Leibniz "used the newly discovered Chinese language and characters as a model of philosophical language." French philosopher Jacques Derrida said: "In Leibniz's project, the 'Chinese model' played a role in Western philosophy. The role of the cornerstone; . . . he uses the Chinese character 'ideographic' (concept) as a tool or technique to serve the cause of developing ideas."[4]
Second, the embryonic form—the Jesuits and Leibniz appropriated Chinese literature to transform old European superstitions or legends into "theology" or "philosophy" [5]. The Jesuits believe that "ancient China is the key to God's plan, ... Chinese ancient books contain divine revelation and teachings in advance, ... only through the "Book of Changes" can 'reconstruct' (pan-Western) ancient times." [6] In addition, the American Mikhail Sergeev, a professor at the University of Puerto Rico, said: "...the Enlightenment 'reinvented' Greek thought, replacing fantasy or myth with knowledge and reason."[7]
Third, appearance - the earliest testable Diogenes Laertius's "Words and Deeds of Famous Philosophers (Ancient Greece)" came out in 1758 (Amsterdam/French version), but it used Confucius as a "talisman" and Confucianism is the "main theme". John M. Headley, a professor at the University of North Carolina in the United States, pointed out that this version is "the most prominent example of the appropriation of Confucianism by the Enlightenment." [8]
The key to the radical changes in the 1780s was that racists represented by Kant falsified and reshaped philosophy and the history of philosophy. The philosopher Robert Bernasconi of Pennsylvania State University denounced Kant and his school for "inventing the concept of race" [9] and then "recreating ancient Greece" [10]!
German linguist Harald Haarmann explained:
They (European elites) made up a illusory story about "Ancient Greece" and the origin of civilization in the prejudice of Occidentalism. In the zeitgeist of the 19th century, the concept of "national culture" was fanatically fanaticized...to pursue a "long history" and to follow the principle of "the older and purer, the more precious".... An idealized construction of Hellenism emerged, praising the ingenuity of the "ancient Greeks" and the purity and originality of the Greek cultural tradition. But such a construction of "Greek civilization" is not a true reconstruction of ancient society, but reflects the cultural concerns of contemporary Europe. The construction is so fascinating that many writers, poets and philosophers would rather live in fantasy than learn what real "Ancient Greece" was like. [11]
Graphic: "Ancient Greece" is fake (FAKE). It was not moved into the academic halls of the West until the time of Kant (the end of the 18th century)
2. The real source of Western "philosophy" in ancient and modern times is here and not there
At the end of the 17th century, a hundred years before Thales was recognized as the "first philosopher" in the world, Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730), one of the most learned men in the West and the "King Mathematician" of France, proposed to Leibniz introduced: Fuxi, the author of "Book of Changes", is the "father and founder of philosophy" [12] of all mankind and "the king of all philosophers" [13]. Bai Jin also said that the "Book of Changes" contains "the oldest and best philosophy taught by the first elder of human society to his descendants..."[14]
Oh China, Leibniz lamented: "China as a land of philosophy" [15], "the true source of philosophy, mathematics and logic" [16]! Enlightenment thinkers all praised: "Traditional China is governed by philosophers (Confucians)" [17]; there is a "philosophical laboratory" [18]. Therefore, Leibniz called for “importing practical philosophy from China.”[19]
"Europe lacking cultural advantages has encountered intellectual challenges." [20] British writer Ann Talbot (Ann Talbot) wrote:
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Europeans began to penetrate into the Chinese Empire; she seemed to be a vivid embodiment of an ideal society, because the spirit of this high civilization was not based on religious creeds, but on rational self-discipline. ...As many observers believe, China is far superior to Europe in politics, justice, education, agriculture and manners, and urban planning. ...Europe is to be condemned, the salvation and revelation of Christianity are far from producing such a perfect society. As Swift (in Gulliver's Travels) imagined: "The Houyhnhnms should send missionaries to educate Europe". In other words, Leibniz said solemnly, "Chinese Confucian scholars should be invited to Europe to teach natural philosophy." [twenty one]
Where does the "philosophy" of the West, ancient and modern, come from? Professor Walker (Robert Walker) of Oxford University pointed out: "The so-called Greek and Roman philosophy, science and mathematics... are all profound and systematic 'reinventions' of 'ancient knowledge'." It means "classical Western" and Its achievements are all modern fiction. He also said: "Ancient Chinese culture...was based on philosophy and mathematics (referring to the I Ching) to discuss the nature of the natural universe and the status of human beings in it;...it has been absorbed by Western thought and has become Western part of the cultural foundation.”[22]
Hans-Georg Moeller, a foreign professor at the University of Macau, clarified the process of "Chinese philosophy derived from Western philosophy":
To find the seeds of various European ideas in the Far East through translation...that is the task of the missionaries. ... Not surprisingly, in Europe, Chinese philosophy began as a spiritual supplement, and even as a complete replacement for the declining (old) Judeo-Jewish religion. ... The first wave of great integration in the new era has set off among the vast number of European readers. While "secular Europe" was conceived out of the direct influence of the Church, a "global religion" (Confucianism) called "spirituality" developed in the West (Johann G. Herder at the height of the French Revolution In 1792, concerned about what religion it would produce; but he couldn't help thinking: "A 'Chinese-style Europe' with Confucian Protestantism will be born!" [23]]. ...In short, during the period from the 17th to the 20th century, that is, in the process of European modernization and globalization, the process of "de-barbarization" of thought and the formation of modern philosophy took four forms: (1 ) Leibniz improved and integrated Eastern philosophy; (2) Hegel's "world spirit" contains Chinese "primitiveness"; (quoted) by embedding Chinese texts to express; (4) using Chinese philosophy as the main source of modern spirit in the post-Christian era. [twenty four]
Illustration: "Original Philosophy" (right) and its derivatives (left). The Chinese origin of Greek/Western philosophy is the deformed expansion of the fragments of "Tao"; it turns the whole, harmonious, organic, and symbiotic wisdom model into the negative and self-destructive stupid thinking of human beings
3. Kant and his like replaced the oriental source of philosophy with European origin
Regarding the reversal of the Enlightenment "view of China" at the end of the 18th century, the American philosopher Stephen Palmquist wrote:
Christian Wolff (1679–1754), among others, praised Confucius and insisted that China was a shining example for Europe to emulate. ... Later, Kant belittled China. … Kant was not only racist, but he was responsible for the sinful Occidentocentrism of the following two centuries. ... The first history of philosophy with Greek origins and to the exclusion of Eastern contributions was written by those who constructed the "Western tradition" along Kantian lines. ...To be exact, Christoph Meiners (Christoph Meiners, 1747-1810), a contemporary of Kant, was the instigator. …they have teamed up to inject racism into the history of anthropology and philosophy. …In other words, Kant and Meiners are complicit in Eurocentric racism. [25]
F. M. Wimmer of the University of Salzburg in Austria confirmed the "replacement of Chinese and Western" in the origin of philosophy:
The notion that philosophy originated in Greece and that it was a uniquely European endowment only began to prevail in the West at the end of the eighteenth century, thus overturning previous common sense. ...The most telling thing is that Chinese philosophy, which was previously hotly discussed, has finally been swept away. ...(Earlier) Leibniz introduced China in his writings, ...he suggested that China send people to Europe to teach "natural theology" (that is, natural philosophy, which is the predecessor of philosophy and science--Introducer). ... During the gestation period of the history of Western philosophy, Eastern philosophers "come and go in a hurry", and the way Europeans deal with China is absurd. ... Regarding the beginning, place and originator of philosophy, the end of the 18th century (Germany) established the "standard answer" for later generations; thus modern "common sense" tells us: "Philosophy is Greek... Thales is the founder..."[ 26]
"Philosophy and Race—Imagined Bloodlines." This is the title of a dissertation by British-Singaporean scholar Paul Hedges: he writes:
Before the end of the 18th century, philosophy was generally considered to have come from outside Europe…. Then came the new "philosophical genealogy"—Greek and European; thus, philosophy became an entirely white talent. Since then, racism has permeated Western culture, which has enhanced the confidence and belief of Europeans in dominating the world. This idea was first advocated by thinkers such as Hume and Kant, who declared that "philosophy" belonged only to Europe, while thinkers from other regions were erased from the history of philosophy. "Caucasian superiority" still constitutes the DNA of Western philosophy to this day. [27]
Carrie Giunt of the University of the Arts London further stated:
Some modern European scholars have reshaped the history of philosophy. …Until the end of the 18th century, Europeans still traced the origin of philosophy as "given by the East" (for example, "Friedrich Ast (Friedrich Ast, 1778-1841) identified Eastern philosophy as the 'original philosophy' containing all the seeds of philosophy ( Urphilosophie).” [28]]. In just fifty years, however, the history of philosophy has been rewritten in which the Eastern protagonists have disappeared. ... Has not the history of philosophy become a one-man show in Europe? … Today, despite changes in both classical and postcolonial studies, the notion of “Greek descent” remains entrenched. ... The origin of philosophy was originally in the East, however, Kantians such as Dietrich Tiedeman and Wilhelm G. Tennemann compiled the history of philosophy as "Greek origin". Thus, the Kantian school changed the nature of the history of philosophy and excluded both Asia and Africa from philosophy. [29]
Graphic: Kant and his like stand on the standpoint of racism and change the "origin of philosophy" from the East or China to "Ancient Greece"
4. "Ancient Greece" and "Thales" were initially conspiracies of several people
"Was Thales the First Philosopher?" ——Troublesome chapters in the study of the history of philosophy", this is a monograph by Lea Cantor, Ph.D., University of Oxford, published in the British Journal of the History of Philosophy (March 2022). The central idea of the paper is that "Philosophy originated in Greece and began with Thales" is a relatively recent fiction; that is, this "false proposition" was invented by several scholars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, without any Historical basis! [30] Cantor elaborates:
I think the 18th-century definition that "philosophy begins with Thales" is very problematic. In a sense, it embodies the racist tendencies in the history of philosophy. ... To be precise, I proved that such a wrong assumption that Thales was designated as "the first philosopher" was made by some scholars at the end of the 18th century. This period witnessed a turning point in the history of European philosophy, when relevant scholars in the West first conceived of the "Greek origin" of philosophy. …One reason for this is the rise of “(pseudo)scientific racism.” This is especially evident in Meiners, the historian of philosophy (along with Kant's racism) who for the first time stated clearly: "Philosophy originated in ancient Greece and began with Thales". …He denies that the ancient Eastern "barbarians" ever developed philosophy; it is attributed to (Greek) Ionian thought by him, and Thales had pioneered it. …Meinas laid the groundwork for a history of "uniqueness" (exclusivity) in Western philosophy. ...he tried to overthrow the conventional wisdom that "philosophy originated in the East", ...selected sources for my use, and concocted a racist pseudoscience ("Compendium of Human History", 1785); ...he roughly divided mankind into " Caucasians" and "Mongols", the latter of which he vilified as "weak and wicked". ... When discussing the differences between races in the world, Meiners emphasized that only European nations can develop science and philosophy. …This rebel of early Western historiography (history of enlightenment) advocated white supremacy and denied the existence of philosophy outside Europe, so he threw out the "Greek origin theory" named Thales. ... The second book on argumentative philosophy that begins with Thales is Tiedemann's The Spirit of Speculative Philosophy (1791). But the preface of the book acknowledges the previous consensus in European academic circles - "philosophy comes from the East". ... On the basis of the above two books, Tenneman of the Kantian school confirmed that "there is no philosophy outside Europe" and "Thales is the earliest philosopher". All of this is probably based on Kant's theory of the origin of philosophy and science. Kant's hypothesis: it was originally "natural philosophy", which formed philosophy and science, and Thales was its founder. Thus, the above-mentioned history of philosophy and its "origins" came out only in the late eighteenth century, and they are all rooted in racism. Compared with these predecessors, Hegel is more determined that "philosophy begins with Thales". [31]
"M. Bernal firmly believes that the 'Ancient Greece' story is racist...fabricated in a scene of complicity."[32] That said, popular today including "Ancient Greece" Philosophy and the history of philosophy began with the evil deeds of a small group of people—the conception and construction of Eurocentrism and racism. Leah Kalmanson, an associate professor at Drake University in the United States, revealed:
Kant's controversial "racial essentialism" underpins his philosophy of history, thereby excluding Asia and Africa from "canon philosophy." ... The reason is that the writings of three scholars at the end of the 18th century - Meiners, Tiedemann and Tennemann - greatly influenced Kant (creating "race essentialism", known as "scientific anthropology") . … That is to say, the status of "Ancient Greece" is mainly due to the "racist narrative of world history" produced by a small number of marginal scholars in the early modern era; it was accepted by Kant and his school and will Its classicization, and then vigorously promoted by Hegel, has become the orthodoxy of Western academics. Sadly, the "classics of philosophy" and their "historical narratives", founded on the race theory of Kant and Hegel, and thus extremely unreliable, dominate the philosophy departments in the world today! [33]
Illustration: Fuxi and Thales. Who is the first philosopher in human society? At the end of the 17th century, both the Jesuits and Leibniz said it was "Fuxi" and used his thoughts ("Book of Changes") to "rebuild" Western theology and philosophy (including Pythagoras and Plato). A hundred years later, Kant and his ilk "reshaped" philosophy, setting "philosophy originated in Greece and began with Thales"
5. Belief Systems as Western Centrism and White Superiority
Western philosophy is a belief system that serves Western dominance. Michael Steinmann, a philosopher at the University of Pennsylvania, said: "If philosophy can lead to a true disposition to believe, then human beings do not need divine religion to participate in this practice. Then, from philosophical thinking, there will be a natural development. Faith."[34]
João M. Paraskeva, an educator at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, criticized: "The imaginary perfection and originality of the philosophy and culture of 'Ancient Greece' has become such a myth that it has been Quasi-(religious) beliefs about packaging and beautifying.”[35]
Kant's philosophy of history is a racist "religion". J. K. Carter, a professor at Indiana University, wrote in his book Race: A Theological Account:
Kant was not against war, but he wanted an end to the war between "civilized white nations" who were fighting over who would control the nonwhite portion of the vast world. Kant praised the German nation because ... the "selfless and autonomous German" was able to guide the nations of Europe in this mission of mastering the global species. ...they (the Germans) are the most free and autonomous, and so must lead civilization. … Kant saw the white man's journey as a great drama of race, politics, and religion. [36]
British philosopher Simon Critchley further stated:
The history of (Western) philosophy is an invented (fabricated) "tradition". ...from the beginning of the nineteenth century, the East was excluded from "philosophy"; ...the newly formed Western "canon" convinced people that philosophy originated from Greece and belonged to the unique endowment of Europe itself. ... The cultural hegemony of this Aryan model can also be seen from the British classics in the 19th century, which is based on a model designed by Germany. Both have "Ancient Greece" as their quasi-religious belief... which in turn is inseparable from their nationalism and imperialism.... Such a correlation between culture and imperialism reminds us of the frenzy of "invention tradition" in the West in the 19th century. … Hobsbawm points out that during this period European and American nations fabricated “traditions” with alarming speed, …encouraging the belief that these traditions were rooted in “immemorial times” such as the passion myth of British nationalism : "Thousands of uninterrupted history" (from ancient Rome to the sun never sets). ...As a professor of philosophy, I am concerned with the exclusive proposition that "philosophy began in Greece" and the linearly unfolding Western-centric philosophical tradition. ... This fictional historical paradigm, through two centuries of repeated indoctrination, has formed beliefs and has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. … [We in philosophy] have become appendages to the Aryan model of antiquity, thus complicit in the "Greek fever" of modern chauvinism? …All of this brings up a crucial question: Should the aforementioned “philosophical story,” from “Ancient Greece” to modern Nordic Europe, from Plato to its opposite, Nietzsche, be accepted as a legitimate narrative by academia? ... Must philosophy be plagued by repetitions of "Greek origins"? More serious is the racist culture, that is, is there a racist logic in European philosophy? … Isn’t “philosophy” extending from Socratic Athens to the modern West a pseudo-tradition of constructed cultural hegemony? [37]
Graphic: When Chinese philosophy spread to the West, it deteriorated and became a Eurocentric (quasi-religious) belief system, even though it is called "wisdom" or "truth"
6. "Orthodox philosophy" "justifies" the genocide of colonialism
The Argentine philosopher Enrique Dussel criticized:
The single-line evolutionary history of “Greece → Rome → Europe and America” is a product of ideological construction, and it can be traced back to Germany at the end of the 18th century…. Western one-line history is thus a by-product of the "Aryan race model" which has contributed to the falsification of the history of philosophy. … Such an ideological construction first hijacked "ancient" Greece and Rome, and then placed them at the center of world history. [38]
Dussel’s deeper insight is that the Western orthodox philosophy that arose at the end of the 18th century played two “evil functions”: one is to obliterate the oriental origin of modernity in the West and the world; the other is to provide reasons and motives for Europe to engage in genocide ——
Old Europe was on the edge of the Eurasian continent dominated by China or the East. Only because of geographical accidents (referring to the beginning of Zheng He’s voyage to connect the world, and the shift of geographical advantages—the quoter), the coastal countries of Western Europe gained relative to the East. comparative advantage. The point is that European modernity did not originate itself, but evolved out of its relationship with the East. ...Western-centrism deliberately makes us forget the fact that "the East anchors modernity". … During the first phase of modernity (before the 18th century) there were Europeans like Bartolomé Casas who criticized colonialism and genocide, thus sparking debates about morality. But in the second stage of modernity (beginning at the end of the 18th century), the West, with its emerging orthodox philosophy, "forgotten" the "Oriental origin of Western civilization" and European concerns about genocide. ...Only by forgetting the Eastern roots of European modernity can its philosophy erect the four milestones of Western modernity: the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution. Such obliteration of the historical contributions of the East had serious consequences (and thus their rights and existence). … Kant, Hegel and others preached how the West is rational and free, thus ascending to the top of world history; they preached that the Germans are the bearers of the "world spirit", while other races are not worthy of rights. ... The sacrifice of vulnerable human beings has become the essence of Western culture. Colonial conquest was also sanctified. Thus, in a sense, Western orthodoxy is complicit in genocide. [39]
"Dussel called Western orthodox philosophy "a violent myth of sacrificing alien races. "European (academic leaders such as Kant and Hegel) conceptualized a presumed white (male) preeminence, universalized it, and used it to ground Philosophical tradition; but this is only one-sided and vague cosmic anthropology, discrediting and despising other nations and their cultures. ".[40]
Professor Bernasconi explained:
(Western) philosophical authorities contributed to the formation of genocide consciousness, because their philosophy of history gave meaning to human beings as a "species": using "progressive views" to put some "less gifted" human races out of the world prospect. …and the generations of white people who fought for their (Kant, Hegel, etc.) ... To a large extent, Kant and Hegel presupposed such a treatment of race. …that is, Kant and Hegel contributed to the ideology of genocide. [41] … Kant in his Anthropological Reflections sinisterly wrote: “All races will be exterminated . . . except the whites.”[42]
"Philosophy of history is the catalyst of genocide... It has historical complicity with the ideology of genocide! [43]" Martin Woessner of the City College of New York gave the reason that "Kant, Hegel and Heidegger’s theory of the destiny of human development (philosophy of history), arbitrarily placing individual nations or nations on the right or wrong side of the “world’s historical trajectory” in order to justify the crimes of imperialism.”[44]
Graphic: "Pseudo-philosophy (Greek/Western philosophy) as the agent or spiritual force behind genocide." People
7. Both Kant and "Greece" are the spiritual roots of the Holocaust
"The ideas of Kant and others (referring to post-Enlightenment racism) are identifiable within the conceptual framework embodied in the Holocaust." Michael Lackey, a professor at the University of Minnesota, said: "The relationship between Kant and the Nazis This correlation has led some of today's leading scholars to believe that he bears some responsibility for the Holocaust."[45]
Katrin Flikschuh, a political scientist at the London School of Economics, reveals: "Kant was accused of inventing the concept of race, thereby legitimizing racism in philosophy. ... Charles W. Mills denounced Kant as a Nazi The philosophical precursor to racism.”[46]
Michael Mack, an associate professor at Durham University in the UK, puts forward: "Genocide is the logical result of the line of philosophical thought from Kant to Heidegger."[47]
Pseudo-Ancient Greece became the ideological basis of the Nazi movement. In order to cooperate with Hitler's cause, Heidegger maximized the racism of Kant and his ilk, and brought their fake "Greek origin" based on "white superiority" to the extreme. Michael E. Zimmerman, a professor at Tulane University in the United States, wrote:
Hitler and his cohorts believed that if one wanted a true Western revival model, one should choose "Ancient Greece". Therefore, many Nazis concluded that in order to save Germany, everything in Greece had to be revived. ...but it is the creative leap of the "ancient Greeks" that Heidegger tries to imitate. ... For him, the "Greek spirit" was the first eruption in the history of life. ...In order to find "national identity", the Nazi elite believed that Germany must fabricate myths to achieve it, just as "Homer's Epic" condensed the "ancient Greeks" into one ball. … Hölderlin looked to "Ancient Greece" for poetic inspiration. ...and Heidegger shouted, the German nation hastened to start a radical and continuous journey like the "ancient Greeks"! [48]
"For Heidegger, 'Ancient Greece' is not only historical, but also something that guides the destiny of the West." Shawn Kelley, a historian at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom, introduced:
The connection of history, race, and Germanness is particularly evident in Heidegger's analysis of the Greeks. In a speech on Hitler's side, Heidegger (the principal) expounded his new position on "Ancient Greece" in "The Self-Assertion of the German University". … In the 1930s, Heidegger took an active part in the Nazi movement; he subtracted one from the double root of the Western tradition (two Hebrews: Hebrew and ancient Greek) and became “Greek alone”, heralding the “Great German Greek beginnings". In this way, all Jews, Christians, Romans and Latins are excluded because they are depraved, passive, distorted and unreal. …It was against the background of the Nazi power seizure that Heidegger reduced the “Two Greeks” to “One Dollar”, which is a “pure Greek” that has not been polluted by Christianity. …Heidegger’s radical turn towards “Ancient Greece” meant that larger groups of humans were artificially and violently excluded from “spirituality.” [49]
Racism is becoming more and more extreme and connected end to end: Kant and Hegel purged non-Western (human beings) from "orthodox philosophy" and "world history" respectively, which logically deprived them of their values, rights and "being". "; such a "clearance model" was intensified by Heidegger and extended to the interior of the West, and became the "idea" of the Nazi extermination of Jews and European massacres.
It can be seen that the fictional "Ancient Greece" caused the worst disaster, and the West—especially Germany—had paid the price of almost destroying the country for it, while Kant, Hegel, and Heidegger could hardly excuse themselves. blame.
Graphic: Heidegger turned the Western "Two Greeks" into "Greeks" (excluding Hebrew/Jewish/Jewish religion) as the theoretical basis of the Nazi movement; thus, the victims of Western racism are from the outside, turned to its interior
8. Call for the abolition of academic philosophy as the root of poisonous teaching materials
The South African philosopher Mabogo P. More charges that "the dominant academic philosophy is a Western-centric and racist philosophy, and a colonized epistemological practice."[50]
It should be pointed out that those who built the Western orthodoxy including "Ancient Greece" - the famous philosophers, historians and classicists - are of the same breed and have the same blood. As Patrice Rankine, a professor at the University of Chicago, said: "European classicists in the 18th and 19th centuries were usually racist, and classicism became a way to promote a Western-centric worldview." [51]
What's more serious is that their spiritual poison has permeated philosophy itself; that is, the Western philosophy that influences the thinking of modern people is highly poisonous. Princeton philosophers Avram Alpert and Nigel Warburton on "Systemic Racism in Western Philosophy" (September 2020):
Not only Hegel and Rousseau were racists, but so were some of the greatest modern philosophers like Locke, Hume, and Kant. They all argue that people of color are barbaric, inferior, and therefore need to be "enlightened" by the West. …Although dialectical thinking is not inherently racist, the inherent terminal illness of Western dialectical philosophy can be traced back to the racist prejudices of philosophers from Rousseau to Hegel. … This overt racism becomes implicit and deep through philosophical abstraction. …When we apply Western philosophy today, we risk bringing this history of racism into our thinking…. In short, racism is deeply ingrained in the fabric of Western dialectical philosophy. [52]
American philosopher Bryan W. Van Norden published "Taking Back Philosophy: A Multicultural Manifesto", which means abandoning Western centralism and returning philosophy to all mankind. He wrote:
Anglo-European mainstream or "classical philosophy" (and the history of philosophy) was narrow, unimaginative, and even xenophobic. …The philosophical traditions of China and other non-Western nations are almost completely rejected by philosophy departments in European and American countries. …However, Western philosophy was once open and cosmopolitan. …The Analects of Confucius was first translated into a European language under the title Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher (1687). … Leibniz read with fascination the Jesuit introduction to Chinese philosophy. He was shocked because the "Book of Changes" symbolically expresses the basic structure of the universe and its changes through Yin and Yang lines—like "0" and "1". Leibniz said that China's practical philosophy is more advanced.... Wolf echoes this by teaching (Chinese) practical philosophy. ... Quesnay of France is called "Confucius of Europe"; the economic concept of "laissez-faire" he pioneered originated from the "inaction" model of Saint King Shun, which means that no human beings can interfere with the laws of nature. ... So why did philosophy undergo a qualitative change (at the turn of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries)? …On the one hand, Kant consciously falsified the history of philosophy, advocating that “people other than the Caucasian (white) race are not competent in philosophy”; …On the other hand, more and more Western elites believe that “the superiority of the white race ". The latter are systematized and canonicalized. In this way, Eastern traditional philosophy was rejected by the West. ... This behavior of the Kantian school is scientifically unreasonable and morally outrageous. … Kant himself was notoriously racist. Treating race as a scientific category, linking it to the faculties of abstract thought, and dividing all humanity by racism, he concluded that "the white race contains in itself all gifts and causes"; Philosophy”; “The concepts of virtue and morality have never entered the minds of the Chinese”; “Chinese and other non-Europeans are inherently incapable of philosophy.”[53]
Graphic: "Western Philosophy" is the Root of Poisonous Textbooks
9. Pseudo-intelligent Western philosophy is an extreme manifestation of human negativity and stupidity
Is Western philosophy wisdom? No, it is a self-deceiving "wisdom trap" [54]! This kind of "philosophy" makes everyone worship the West (intellect and material resources), while it itself (philosophers) worships the "second instinct" - "man's infinite potential to overcome nature" (the West at the right time and place) people to fully bloom). But they don't know how to adjust their instincts and the balance wisdom of heaven and man.
The Chinese wisdom of overall harmony, dialectical harmony, and organic life degenerates into the narrow thinking of the subject-object dichotomy, internal and external confrontation, and slaughtering dead things in the West. The "establishment" of the latter is conditional and priced. Because of the right time and place, the West was fortunate to be a short-term relay and sprinter in the whole process of the East's development, and its people dreamed of "conquering the world and nature". The early stage of globalization is the "sea power advantage": an invincible and invincible "marine geography", which enables the West to sacrifice all human beings and the biosphere for its own advantage. Once the right time and place change, everything in the West will come to naught.
Furthermore, Russell said in his "History of Western Philosophy": "Almost all of Hegel's philosophy is wrong." In my opinion, the concepts, logic, dialectics, universal and metaphysical systems of Western philosophy are all wrong. Is from China, other than that, the rest is "stupid".
Einstein famously said that there are two "infinities": the vastness of the universe and the stupidity of man. Western philosophy belongs to the latter category. Why?
Ancient Chinese philosophy is to reconcile the relationship between heaven and man, ensuring that all living beings can coexist and last forever while human beings are "active" (invention and development). If there is no such "reconcile function" or canceled, it is the unrestrained release of "human potential"; it includes positive energy and negative energy, and the latter means the maximization of the dual conflicts between human beings and between human beings and nature. In the relatively closed environment before the world connection, this meant self-destruction and self-destruction; and later, in some "ocean geography" that can vent contradictions to the outside, people can learn from it (unlimited potential) ) to harvest "positive energy". The rise of the West is only for this reason. Western philosophy, on the other hand, calls this "positive energy" the unique endowment of the West from a theoretical perspective, and turns "negative energy" into a sharp weapon to destroy the "external self" (alien race and nature). Can such self-interest at the expense of others and depletion of resources last long? As a result, the West will either destroy others and itself, or it will be eliminated first as the time and place (geographical advantages) change.
As far as the relationship between man and nature is concerned, Western philosophy is the bane of destroying the earth's home. As T. B. Voyles of the University of Oklahoma put it: Man destroys nature? ...it is too easy to make nature a victim of man! That is the general theme of Western philosophy and history: ...reducing the relationship between man and nature, using a dichotomy to oppose man and nature; ...giving man the initiative, turning nature into a passive and slaughtered object. …In short, the world, originally a diversity of people and nature, is being turned into a non-human (non-living) earth by the West. [55]
In a word, Western religion and philosophy are the "double nemesis" of our living planet. Its religion destroys "animism" and sacrifices nature and species for "human beings", as demonstrated in Lynn White's "Historical Roots of Ecological Crisis"[56]. Its philosophy destroys the "oneness of all things" and implements the oracle of "sacrificing nature" in the form of anthropocentrism, which is demonstrated in J. I. Kureethadam's "Philosophical Roots of Ecological Crisis" [57].
Illustration: "Western philosophy" is false wisdom, it is against nature, harmful to ecology and non-life, and the result is "human and biosphere die together". Thus, "Western philosophy represents the negative or stupid extremes of humanity."
Conclusion
An extremely backward and barbaric "race" (Anza/Gothic/Germanic), fortunately at the right time and place, with the blooming of its barbaric potential and the advantages of the emerging "marine geography", especially with the "move of heaven and earth" of Chinese knowledge ", and turn itself into a "civilized upstart"; and then it sacrifices the rest of humanity at the expense of racism. At the same time, the West created a "superior" history and academics, the latter mainly being "philosophy" - a thought tool to conquer the world and nature.
That is to say, the "orthodox philosophy" (Greek/Western philosophy), which was designed by the racists at the end of the 18th century and then constructed layer by layer, is a spiritual nuclear bomb with extremely negative energy in practice; under its guidance, Westerners have thrown themselves into human self-destructive frenzy from colonial wars to world wars.
This "orthodox philosophy" embodies the extreme of the stupid side of human beings, but the West uses Chinese philosophical elements to package it and pretend to be "wisdom". The irony is that it successfully deceived modern humans, and the worst deceived is the Chinese intellectuals!
It is extremely hateful and sad that the Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (Emmanuel Levinas, 1905-1995) was even worse than the Nazis. He said this: Human beings are made up of two Hebrews (Greek and Hebrew), and the other Races are less so (non-human); it's best to let them "dance" to the tune set by the former. [58] Aren’t the tens of thousands of us who “love philosophy (love of wisdom)” being manipulated by Western centralism, willing to be the spiritual slaves of the West, and “beasts dance at the head of a hundred beasts”? !
“希腊/西方哲学”乃伪学：种族主义之原罪——生吞“汉学”炮制出的愚昧信仰体系
【西史辨按】：“西方哲学”是一个最具迷惑性的概念。首先，“西方哲学”（包括“古希腊哲学”）为西方中心论的核心内容，其概念本身自带光环，具有无比“神圣”的外观。然而，徴诸历史，才知“西方哲学”原来是无源之水、无本之木。察其所由，原来近代西方传教士剽窃中国典籍中的固有概念，贩回欧陆，再由好事学者生吞活剥、闭门造车，别有用心地炮制出名为“古希腊哲学”及“西方哲学”的学术仿制品，作为西方中心主义的政治、文化工具。究其实，因其没有源头活水，中看不中用，不过是概念游戏，华而不实。进而，“西方哲学”因其炮制过程植根于殖民扩张运动，难以洗白其邪恶的种族主义原罪的胎记！
作者在本文中，引述西方大量天良未泯有识之士的研究结论，简洁、全面地揭示出“西方哲学”概念的由来及危害；不论“古希腊哲学”还是近代“西方哲学”，原本皆出于脑际风波，唬人有余，致用不足，将其用于社会实践，不仅无益，反而有害，而且为害甚大。
中国学术界对于“西方哲学”的伪概念尚缺乏深刻认识，甚至不乏对其顶礼膜拜的言行。尽早认清其真面目，摆脱对“西方哲学”伪概念的盲目崇拜，进而铲除其恶劣影响，走出西方中心论的“迷宫”，为学术界的当务之急！
图解：应该教给学生真正的世界哲学史
前言
本篇与其他相关拙作[1]揭示：近代西方挪用中国文献构建的“西方哲学”（包括古希腊哲学），不仅毫无智慧可言，而且是骇人听闻、惊心动魄的——“剧毒垃圾”，极具负能量！从三个方面来看：
第一，“西方哲学”是几百年来，欧美所制造的极多、极大人祸的理论向导；从侵略战争到世界大战，从种族灭绝到纳粹屠杀，均与它有关。
第二，它作为西方中心论的信仰体系，发挥了使现代人——尤其是知识分子——变得愚蠢的神效。亦即，“西方哲学”是制造愚蠢的“神器”。
第三，“西方哲学”体现人类负面（愚蠢）的极端。它导向人类自我毁灭。许多学者论证：“征服自然”的西方哲学是地球生态危机的精神根源。
一、从哲学史上看虚构“古希腊”的原委及其后果
1780年代是西方哲学的“开纪元”：一个源于“古希腊”的西方正统哲学体系被炮制出笼。它作为种族主义和欧洲中心主义的“世俗宗教”，在配合殖民-帝国主义全球扩张的过程中，畸形膨胀、畸功至伟，终于成为引导世界大战的“魔咒”——1930年代，海德格尔将“两希传统”改为“一元希腊”（摒弃希伯来/犹太/耶教），这就有了西方火并的强烈动因。[2]
1780年之前的百年是编造“西方哲学”体系的酝酿期，实际上它乃东方之特质与东方之起源，这几乎是当时欧洲知识界的共识。首发刊载在“西史辨伪”公众号及爱传统网（ict88.com）上的几篇相关拙作[3]，可概括为西方哲学酝酿期的“中国三部曲”：
第一、前提——汉字“表意”：表达“普遍通用概念”。莱布尼茨“将新发现的中国语言文字，当作哲学语言的模型。”法国哲学家德里达（Jacques Derrida）说：“在莱布尼茨的项目中，‘中文模式’起着西方哲学基石的作用；……他使用汉字‘表意’（概念）作为工具或技术，服务于开拓思想的事业。”[4]
第二、雏形——耶稣会士与莱布尼茨挪用中国文献，将旧欧洲的迷信或传说转化成“神学”或“哲学”[5]。耶稣会士认为“古代中国是上帝计划的关键，……中国古籍预先包含神启和教义，……只有通过《易经》才能‘重建’（泛西方）古代。”[6]另外，美国天普大学教授谢尔盖耶夫（Mikhail Sergeev）说：“……启蒙运动对希腊思想进行了‘重新发明’，用知识与理性代替幻想或神话。”[7]
第三、登场——最早可考的第欧根尼·拉尔修的《（古希腊）名哲言行录》问世于1758年（阿姆斯特丹/法文版），但它以孔子为“护身符”，以儒学为“主旋律”。美国北卡大学教授黑德利（John M. Headley）指出该版本为“启蒙运动对儒学挪用的最显著的例子”。[8]
1780年代丕变之关键是，以康德为代表的种族主义者对哲学及哲学史进行了篡改和重塑。宾夕法尼亚州立大学的哲学家贝纳斯科尼（Robert Bernasconi）谴责康德及其学派“发明了种族概念”[9]，进而“重新创造了古希腊”[10]！
德国语言学家哈曼（Harald Haarmann）诠释：
他们（欧洲精英）在西方中心论的偏见中，编造了一个关于“古希腊”和文明起源的虚幻故事。在19世纪的时代精神中，狂热化“民族文化”的概念……追求“悠久历史”，遵循“越古老、越纯净，则越珍贵”的原则……。一种理想化的希腊主义构造出现了，颂扬“古希腊人”的聪明才智，赞美希腊文化传统之纯洁性与独创性。但如此“希腊文明”之构造，并非对古代社会的真实重建，而是反映了当代欧洲的文化关注。该构造极具魅力，以至于许多作家、诗人和哲学家都宁愿生活在幻想中，而不愿了解真正的“古希腊”是什么样子。[11]
图解：“古希腊”是假的（FAKE）。它在康德时代（18世纪末）才被搬进西方的学术殿堂
二 、古今西方“哲学”的真正源头在此不在彼
17世纪末，即在“泰勒斯”被认定为世界上“第一位哲学家”之前的百年，西方最博学的人之一、法国“国王数学家”白晋（Joachim Bouvet, 1656—1730）向莱布尼茨介绍：《易经》作者伏羲是全人类的“哲学之父和创始人”[12]，是“所有哲学家的王者”[13]。白晋还说，《易经》包含着“人类社会首个长老向其后代传授的最古老、最优秀的哲学……”[14]
啊中国，莱布尼茨感叹：“哲学家的国度”（China as a land of philosophy）[15]，“哲学、数学和逻辑的真正来源”[16]！启蒙思想家们都称道：“传统中国是由哲学家（儒士）治理的”[17]；那儿是“哲学的实验室”[18]。故而，莱布尼茨呼吁“从中国引进实践哲学。”[19]
“缺少文化优势的欧洲遭遇了知识挑战。”[20]英国作家塔尔博特（Ann Talbot）写道：
17世纪初，欧洲人开始深入中华帝国；她似乎是理想社会的生动体现，因为这个高度文明在精神上所基于的，不是宗教信条，而是理性自律。……正如许多观察者所认为的那样，中国在政治、司法、教育、农业和礼仪以及城市规划等方面，都远高于欧洲。……欧洲理应受到谴责，基督教的救赎与启示远不能产生这样一个完美社会。正如斯威夫特（在《格列佛游记》中）所想象：“慧駰国（Houyhnhnms）应该派传教士教化欧洲”。亦即，莱布尼茨严肃地表示，“应该请中国儒士来欧洲传授自然哲学”。[21]
古今西方的“哲学”从何而来？牛津大学教授沃克（Robert Walker）指出：“所谓希腊与罗马的哲学、科学和数学……都是对‘古代知识’的深刻而系统的‘重新发明’。”其意为，“古典西方”及其成就都是现代虚构。他又说：“中国古代文化……是以哲学与数学（指易经象数）为基础，讨论自然宇宙的性质和人在其中的地位；……它已被西方思想所吸收，而成为西方文化基础的一部分。”[22]
澳门大学外籍教授汉斯·穆勒（Hans-Georg Moeller）阐明“中国哲学衍生西方哲学”的经过：
通过翻译在远东找到各种欧洲思想的种子……这就是传教士要完成的任务。……毫不奇怪，在欧洲，中国哲学开始作为一种精神补充，甚至完全替代日渐衰落的（旧）犹太—耶教。……新时代大融合的第一波在广大欧洲读者中掀起了。当脱离教会的直接影响而孕育“世俗欧洲”之际，一种被称为“灵性”的“全球宗教”（儒家人文）在西方发展起来〔赫尔德（Johann G. Herder）在法国革命高潮的1792年，关注它会产生什么宗教；但他情不自禁地想到：“一个带着孔子新教的‘中国式的欧洲’将会诞生！”[23]〕。……总之，在17—20世纪期间，即在欧洲近代化与全球化的过程中，思想之“去野蛮化”（de-barbarization）、从而形成现代哲学，这个过程有四种形式：（1）莱布尼茨改进与融合东方哲学；（2）黑格尔的“世界精神”中包含中国“原初性”；（3）将旧欧洲的宗教与哲学（实际上是野蛮人的故事——引者）植入中国文本来表述；（4）将中国哲学作为后基督教时代的现代精神的主要来源。[24]
图解：“原哲学”（右边）和它的衍生物（左边）。希腊/西方哲学的中国起源，是“道”的碎片的畸形膨胀；它将整体、圆融、有机、共生的智慧模式，变成了人类负面和自我毁灭的愚蠢思维
三 、康德之流将哲学的东方源头换成欧洲血统
关于启蒙时代的“中国观”在18世纪末发生逆转的情况，美国哲学家帕尔姆奎斯特 (Stephen Palmquist）写道：
沃尔夫 (Christian Wolff, 1679—1754) 等人均赞扬孔子，并坚持认为中国是欧洲效仿的光辉榜样。……稍后，康德就贬低中国。……康德不仅是种族主义者，而且他对于随后两个世纪作孽的西方中心论，应负罪责。……第一部以希腊为源头、并排除东方贡献的哲学史，正是那些按照康德思路构建“西方传统”的人写的。……确切地说，与康德同时代的迈纳斯（Christoph Meiners, 1747—1810）是始作俑者。……他们像团队一样地将种族主义注入人类学与哲学史之中。……换言之，康德和迈纳斯是促成欧洲中心之种族主义的共谋。[25]
奥地利萨尔茨堡大学的维默尔（F. M. Wimmer）确认哲学源头的“中西置换”：
如此观念，即哲学源于希腊和它是欧洲的独特禀赋，到18世纪末才开始在西方占上风，从而颠覆了之前的常识。……最能说明问题的则是，以前被热烈讨论的中国哲学终于被扫地出门。……（早先）莱布尼茨在其著述中介绍了中国，……他建议中国派人到欧洲传授“自然神学”〔即自然哲学，它是哲学与科学的前身——引者〕。……在那个西方哲学史的孕育期，东方哲人“来去匆匆”，而欧洲人对中国的处理方式则是很荒唐的。……关于哲学的开始、地点和鼻祖，18世纪末（德国）为后世确立了“标准答案”；从而现代“常识”告诉我们：“哲学是希腊式的……泰勒斯是创始人……”[26]
“哲学与种族——想象的血统。”这是英籍新加坡学者海格斯（Paul Hedges）论文的标题：他写道：
在18世纪末之前，哲学被普遍认为来自欧洲之外……。而后才出现新的“哲学谱系”——希腊源流和欧洲血统；从而，哲学全然成了白人的天资。自此开始，种族主义浸淫西方文化，它增强了欧洲人主宰世界的信心与信念。这一思想最先由休谟和康德等思想家倡导，并宣称“哲学”只属于欧洲，而其他地区的思想家则都被从哲学史中抹去。时至今日，“白种人优越性”仍构成西方哲学的基因。[27]
伦敦艺术大学的吉安特（Carrie Giunt）进一步说：
一些近代欧洲学者重塑了哲学史。……直到18世纪末，欧洲人仍溯源哲学为“东方赐予”〔例如“弗里德里希·阿斯特（Friedrich Ast, 1778—1841）将东方哲学确定为包含所有哲学种子的‘原哲学’（Urphilosophie）。”[28]〕。然而，在短短五十年的时间里，哲学史被改写，其中的东方主角不见了。……哲学史岂不成为欧洲的独角戏？……眼下，尽管古典学和后殖民研究均发生了变革，但“希腊血统”的概念依然根深蒂固。……哲学的源头原本在东方，然而，蒂德曼（Dietrich Tiedeman）和滕尼曼（Wilhelm G. Tennemann）等康德主义者，将哲学史编造成“希腊起源”。因此，康德学派改变了哲学史的性质，并将亚洲和非洲都排除在哲学之外。[29]
图解：康德之流站在种族主义的立场，将“哲学起源”从东方或中国改成“古希腊”
四 、“古希腊”和“泰勒斯”最初是几个人的阴谋
《泰勒斯是第一个哲学家吗？——哲学史研究中的麻烦篇章》，这是英国哲学史杂志（2022年3月）刊载的牛津大学博士坎托（Lea Cantor）的专论。该文的中心思想是，“哲学起源于希腊，开始于泰勒斯”是一个相对较新的虚构；亦即，这个“伪命题”是18和19世纪之交的几位学者杜撰的，没有任何历史依据！[30]坎托阐述：
我认为，“哲学发端于泰勒斯”这一18世纪的定义，是很成问题的。在某种意义上，它体现着哲学史中的种族主义倾向。…… 确切地说，我证明了如此错误的假设，即将泰勒斯定为“第一位哲学家”，乃18世纪末一些学者搞出来的。这一时期见证了欧洲哲学史的转折点，即西方的相关学者第一次构想哲学的“希腊起源”。……其原因之一是“（伪）科学种族论”的兴起。这一点在迈纳斯那里尤为明显，这位（与康德种族主义同流合污的）哲学史家第一次明确提出：“哲学源于古希腊，开始于泰勒斯”。……他否认古代东方“野蛮人”曾经发展出哲学；它被他归功于（希腊）爱奥尼亚思想，而泰勒斯则首开先河。……迈纳斯为“独特性”（排他性）的西方哲学史奠定了基础。……他尝试推翻“哲学起源于东方”的成说，……为我所用地选择资料，炮制出种族主义伪科学（《人类历史纲要》，1785年）；……他将人类粗略划分为“高加索人”和“蒙古人”，后者被他污蔑为“体弱而邪恶”。……在讨论世界人种的差异时，迈纳斯强调，唯有欧洲民族能够发展科学与哲学。……这个早期西方历史学（启蒙历史）的叛逆者，倡导白人至上主义，否认欧洲之外存在哲学，故而抛出了冠名泰勒斯的“希腊起源说”。……第二部论证哲学开始于泰勒斯的，是蒂德曼著《思辨哲学的精神》（1791年）。但该书的序言承认之前欧洲学术界的共识——“哲学来自东方”。……在上述两部书的基础上，康德学派的滕尼曼确认“欧洲以外没有哲学”和“泰勒斯是最早的哲学家”。凡此，大抵是建立在康德关于哲学与科学缘起的理论之上的。康德假设：原本是“自然哲学”，由它形成了哲学与科学，而泰勒斯则是其开创者。因此，上述的哲学史及其“起源说”在18世纪后期才问世，它们都是植根于种族主义的。较之这几位前辈，黑格尔则更笃定“哲学开始于泰勒斯”。[31]
“伯纳尔（M. Bernal）坚信‘古希腊’故事是在共谋的场景中，由种族主义……编造的。”[32]这就是说，今天流行的包括“古希腊”在内的哲学及哲学史，滥觞于一小撮人的罪恶勾当——欧洲中心与种族主义的构思与构建。美国德雷克大学副教授卡尔曼森(Leah Kalmanson)揭露：
备受争议的康德“种族本质主义”（racial essentialism）支撑了他的历史哲学，从而将亚洲和非洲排除在“正典哲学”之外。……究其原委，18世纪末的三位学者——迈纳斯、蒂德曼和滕尼曼——的著述，极大地影响了康德（创作“种族本质主义”，号称“科学人类学”）。……这就是说，“古希腊”之有如今的地位，主要是因为在现代早期，极少数边缘学者搞出了“世界历史的种族主义叙事”；它被康德及其学派接受之、并将其经典化，再经过黑格尔的大力推销，乃成为西方学术之正统。可悲啊，由康德和黑格尔的种族理论所奠基的、因而是极不可靠的“哲学经典”及其“历史叙事”，主宰了今日世界的哲学系科！[33]
图解：伏羲和泰勒斯。谁是人类社会第一个哲学家？17世纪末，耶稣会士和莱布尼茨都说是“伏羲”，并且利用他的思想（《易经》）“重建”西方神学与哲学（包括毕达哥拉斯和柏拉图）。百年后，康德之流“重塑”哲学，设定“哲学起源于希腊，开始于泰勒斯”
五 、作为西方中心论与白人优越性的信仰体系
西方哲学是一种服务于西方主宰的信仰体系。宾夕法尼亚大学的哲学家斯泰曼（Michael Steinmann）说：“如果哲学能够导致真正的信仰倾向，那么，人类就不需要神启宗教来参与这种实践。然后，从哲学思想中合乎自然地发展出信仰。”[34]
马萨诸塞—达特茅斯大学的教育家帕拉斯科瓦（João M. Paraskeva）批评：“虚构的极完美和独创性的‘古希腊’哲学与文化，成为这样一种神话，即被西方中心论包装和美化的准（宗教）信仰。”[35]
康德的历史哲学是一种的种族主义“宗教”。美国印第安纳大学教授卡达（J. K. Carter）在其所著《种族：神学记述》中写道：
康德并不反对战争，但他想要结束“文明的白人国家”之间的战争，它们正在争夺谁将控制非白人部分的广大世界。康德赞扬德意志民族，因为……“无私和自主的德国人”能够指导欧洲各国完成宰制全球物种的这一使命。……他们（德意志人）是最自由和自主的，所以必须引领文明。……康德将白人的征程视为一场从种族、政治到宗教的伟大戏剧。[36]
英国哲学家克里奇利（Simon Critchley）进一步说：
（西方）哲学史是一个被发明（编造）的“传统”。……从19世纪初开始，东方被排除在“哲学”之外；……新形成的西方“正典”使人们相信，哲学源自希腊，属于欧洲本土的独特禀赋。……此种雅利安模式的文化霸权，也可以从19世纪英国古典学来看，它的基础是德国设计的模式。两者都奉“古希腊”为准宗教信仰……这又与其民族主义和帝国主义密不可分……。如此文化与帝国主义之间的相关性，让我们联想到19世纪西方“发明传统”的狂潮。……霍布斯鲍姆（Hobsbawm）指出，在这一时期，欧美各国都以惊人的速度编造“传统”，……鼓励人们相信这些传统植根于“远古”，例如英国民族主义的激情神话：“千年不间断的历史”（从古罗马到日不落）。……而作为一个哲学教授，我则关心“哲学开始于希腊”这一排他性的命题，以及线性展开的西方中心论的哲学传统。……这个虚构的历史范式，通过两个世纪的重复灌输，就已形成信念，而深入人心。…… [我们哲学界] 都成了雅利安古代模式的附庸，从而与近代沙文主义的“希腊热”相共谋？……所有这些都带来一个关键问题：上述“哲学故事”，即从“古希腊”到现代北欧，从柏拉图到其反面的尼采，应该被学术界接受为一种合法叙事吗？……难道哲学必须被重复“希腊起源”所困扰吗？更严重的则是种族主义文化，即欧洲哲学中是否存在一个种族主义逻辑？……“哲学”从苏格拉底的雅典延伸到现代西方，难道不是一个被建构的文化霸权的伪传统吗？[37]
图解：中国哲学传到西方就变质了，变成了一个欧洲中心主义的（准宗教）信仰系统，尽管它被称为“智慧”或“真理”
六 、“正统哲学”使殖民主义的种族灭绝“合理化”
阿根廷哲学家杜塞尔（Enrique Dussel）批评：
“希腊→罗马→欧美”这一单线进化的历史，是意识形态构建的产物，它可以追溯到18世纪末的德国……。因此，西方单线历史是“雅利安人种模式”的副产品，它促成了哲学史的伪造。……如此意识形态之构建，首先是绑架了“古代”希腊和罗马，再将它们置于世界历史的中心。[38]
杜塞尔的更深刻的见解是，兴起于18世纪末的西方正统哲学发挥了两个“邪恶功效”：一是抹杀西方及世界现代性的东方起源；一是为欧洲从事种族灭绝提供理由与动机——
旧欧洲处于由中国或东方主导的亚欧大陆之边缘，只因为地理上的意外事件（指郑和远航开始联通世界，地缘优势发生转移——引者），西欧滨海国家才获得了相对于东方的比较优势。问题的关键是，欧洲的现代性并非自我起源，而是从它与东方的关系中演变出来的。……西方中心论故意让我们忘却“东方锚定现代性”这一事实。……在现代性的第一阶段（18世纪前）尚有像卡萨斯（Bartolomé Casas）这样的欧洲人批评殖民主义和种族灭绝，从而引发了关于道德的争论。但到现代性的第二阶段（开始于18世纪末），西方凭借其新兴的正统哲学，将“西方文明的东方起源”和欧洲人对于种族灭绝的顾虑，都加以“遗忘”。……只有忘却欧洲现代性的东方根源，其哲学才能竖起西方现代性的四个里程碑：文艺复兴、宗教改革、启蒙运动和法国革命。如此抹杀东方的历史贡献造成了严重后果（进而抹杀他们的权利与存在）。……康德、黑格尔等人宣扬西方如何理性与自由，从而登顶世界历史；宣扬日耳曼人是“世界精神”的承载者，而其他种族则都不配享有权利。……牺牲弱势人类成为西方文化的精髓。殖民征服也被神圣化。因此，从某种意义上讲，西方正统哲学是种族灭绝的共谋者。[39]
“杜塞尔将西方正统哲学称之为“牺牲异族的暴力性神话。”巴黎研究所的社会人类学家佩里尔（Lenita Perrier）说：“欧洲（康德和黑格尔等学术领袖）将假设的白人（男性）卓越性，进行普遍性的概念化，用它来奠基哲学传统；但这只是片面而空泛的宇宙人类学，抹黑和鄙夷其他民族及其文化。”。[40]
贝纳斯科尼教授解释：
（西方）哲学权威促成了种族灭绝意识的形成，因为他们的历史哲学赋予人类作为“物种”的意义：用“进步观”将一些“缺乏天赋”的人种置于世界前景之外。……而为他们（康德、黑格尔等）遗产而奋斗的世代白人，则从中找到一种处理“人”的方法，首先是否认有色人种的人性，而让弱势种族从地球上消失。……在很大程度上，康德与黑格尔预设了这般处理人种的方式。……亦即，康德与黑格尔促成了种族灭绝的意识形态。[41]……康德在其所著《人类学思考》中阴险地写道：“所有种族都将被消灭……只是白人不会。”[42]
“历史哲学是种族灭绝的催化剂，……它与种族灭绝的意识形态进行历史共谋！[43]”纽约市立学院的沃斯纳（Martin Woessner）所给的理由是，“康德、黑格尔和海德格尔关于人类发展命运的理论（历史哲学），武断地将各个民族或国家置于“世界历史轨迹”的正确或错误的一边，从而为帝国主义罪行做辩护。”[44]
图解：“伪哲学（希腊/西方哲学）成为种族灭绝的背后动因或精神力量。”
七 、康德与“希腊”均为纳粹大屠杀的精神根源
“康德等人的思想（指后启蒙的种族主义），在纳粹大屠杀所体现的概念框架中是可以识别的。”明尼苏达大学教授拉基（Michael Lackey）说：“康德与纳粹之间的这种相关性使一些当今著名学者认为，他对纳粹大屠杀负有一定责任。”[45]
伦敦经济学院的政治学家弗利克舒（Katrin Flikschuh）揭示：“康德被指控发明了种族概念，从而在哲学上造成种族主义的合法化。……米尔斯（Charles W. Mills）谴责康德是纳粹种族主义的哲学先驱。”[46]
英国杜伦大学副教授马克（Michael Mack）提出：“种族灭绝是从康德到海德格尔的哲学思想路线的逻辑结果。”[47]
伪古希腊成为纳粹运动的思想基础。为了配合希特勒的事业，海德格尔最大化地推进康德之流的种族主义，将他们基于“白人优越性”伪造的“希腊起源”，发挥到了极致。美国杜兰大学教授齐默曼（Michael E. Zimmerman）写道：
希特勒及其同伙都认为，如果想要一个真正的西方复兴模式，那就应该选择“古希腊”。因此，许多纳粹分子得出结论，为了拯救德国，必须复兴希腊的一切。……但海德格尔试图模仿的，则是“古希腊人”的创造性飞跃。……在他看来，“希腊精神”是生命史上的首次爆发。……为了寻找“民族身份”，纳粹精英认为，德国必须编造神话来达成，一如《荷马史诗》将“古希腊人”凝成一团。……荷尔德林（Hölderlin）向“古希腊”寻求诗歌灵感。……而海德格尔则呼呼，德国民族赶紧像“古希腊人”那样，开始一个激进而持续的征程！[48]
“对于海德格尔来说，‘古希腊’不仅是历史性的，更是指引西方命运的东西。”英国艾塞克斯大学的历史学家肖恩·凯利（Shawn Kelley）介绍：
在海德格尔对希腊人的分析中，历史、种族和德国性三者的联系尤为明显。在一次站队希特勒的演讲中，海德格尔（校长）在《德国大学的自我主张》中，阐述了他对“古希腊”的新立场。……在1930年代，海德格尔积极参与纳粹运动；他将西方传统的双根（两希：希伯来与古希腊）减掉一个，变成了“独尊希腊”，预示着“伟大德国的希腊式开端”。这样，所有的犹太人、基督徒、罗马人和拉丁人都因其堕落、被动、扭曲和不真实，而被排除在外。……正是在纳粹夺权的背景下，海德格尔将“两希”缩小为“一元”，它是一个没有受到耶教污染的“纯希腊”。……海德格尔朝着“古希腊”的激进转向，意味着更大的人类群体被人为地和暴力地被排除在“精神”之外。[49]
种族主义越趋极端，并且首尾相连：康德与黑格尔分别将非西方（人类）从“正统哲学”和“世界历史”中都清除掉，这就顺理成章地剥夺他们的价值、权利和“存在”；如此“清除模式”则被海德格尔变本加厉地延伸到西方内部，而成为纳粹灭犹和屠戮欧洲的“理念”。
由此可见，虚构“古希腊”造成了人祸之最，西方——尤其是德国——也为此付出了几近灭国的代价，而康德、黑格尔和海德格尔则都难辞其咎。
图解：海德格尔将西方“两希”变成“独尊希腊”（剔除希伯来/犹太/耶教），作为纳粹运动的理论基础；由此，西方种族主义的牺牲对象就从外部，转向了它的内部
八、呼吁废除作为毒教材之根脉的学院哲学
南非哲学家马博戈（Mabogo P. More）指控：“占主导地位的学院哲学是西方中心和种族主义的哲学，以及殖民化的认识论实践。”[50]
应该指出，那些构建包括“古希腊”在内的西方正统的人——著名的哲学家、历史学家和古典学家，乃一丘之貉、一脉相通。正如芝加哥大学教授兰金（Patrice Rankine）所说：“18—19世纪欧洲的古典学家通常是种族主义者，而古典学则成为促进西方中心论世界观的一种方式。”[51]
更严重的则是，他们的精神流毒已经浸透于哲学本身；亦即，左右现代人思维的西方哲学是剧毒的。普林斯顿的哲学家阿尔伯特（Avram Alpert）和沃伯顿（Nigel Warburton）论“西方哲学的系统性种族主义”（2020年9月），写道：
不仅仅是黑格尔和卢梭是种族主义者，其他一些最伟大的现代哲学家像洛克、休谟和康德等人亦然。他们都主张有色人种是野蛮的、劣等的，故而需要被西方“启蒙”。……虽然辩证思维并非天生的种族主义，但西方辩证哲学的先天绝症，可以追溯至从卢梭到黑格尔等哲学家的种族主义偏见。……这种明显的种族主义通过哲学抽象就变得含蓄而深沉。……当我们今天运用西方哲学时，我们有可能将这段种族主义历史带入我们的思维中……。总之，种族主义在西方辩证哲学的结构中已根深蒂固。[52]
美国哲学家范诺登（Bryan W. Van Norden）发表了《收回哲学：多元文化宣言》，其意为抛弃西方中心论，将哲学还给全人类。他写道：
盎格鲁—欧洲的主流哲学或“经典哲学”（及哲学史）是狭隘的、缺乏想象力，甚至是排他仇外的。……中国等非西方民族的哲学传统几乎全被欧美国家的哲学系科所排斥。……然而，西方哲学曾经是开放和世界主义的。……《论语》第一次被翻译成欧洲语言，名为《中国哲学家孔子》（1687）。……莱布尼茨着迷地阅读了耶稣会士对中国哲学的介绍。他为之震惊，因为《易经》通过阴线和阳线——好比“0”和“1”——象征性地表示宇宙的基本结构及其变化。莱布尼茨说，中国的实践哲学更高超……。沃尔夫以讲授（中国）实践哲学呼应之。……法国的魁奈称为“欧洲的孔子”；他首创的“自由放任”的经济学概念，乃源于圣王舜的“无为”模式，其意为不可人为地干预自然规律。……那么，哲学为什么会（在18—19世纪之交）发生质变呢？……一方面康德有意识地篡改哲学史，宣扬“高加索（白色）人种之外的民族都不胜任于哲学”；……另一方面，越来越多的西方精英相信“白种人优越性”。后者被系统化和经典化。就这样，东方传统哲学被西方拒之门外。……康德学派的这一行径在科学上是不合理的，在道德上是令人发指的。……康德本人是出了名的种族主义者。他将种族视为一个科学范畴，将其与抽象思维能力相联系，并按种族主义划分全人类，其结论是：“白人种族本身包含着所有的天赋和动因”；“整个东方都找不到哲学”；“美德和道德的概念从未进入中国人的头脑” ；“中国人和其他非欧洲人天生无缘于哲学。”[53]
图解：“西方哲学”是毒教材的根脉
九、伪智慧的西方哲学是人类负面和愚蠢的极端表现
西方哲学是智慧吗？不，它是一种自欺欺人的“智慧陷阱”[54]！此种“哲学”让所有人崇拜西方（智力与物力），而它本身（哲学家）则崇拜“第二本能”——“人的反克自然的无限潜能”（正处于天时地利顺境的西方人尽情绽放之）。他们却不懂得调节本能及天人的平衡智慧。
整体圆融、辩证和合、有机生命的中国智慧，到西方那里就退化为主客二分、内外对抗、宰割死物的狭隘思维。后者之“成立”是有条件、有代价的。正由于天时地利的缘故，西方有幸成为东方发展全程中一小段的接力者与冲刺者，其人便妄想“征服世界、征服自然”。全球化的前期是“海权优势”：立于不败和战无不胜的“海洋地缘”，使西方能够因利乘便地牺牲全人类与生物圈。一旦天时地利发生改变，西方的一切就会化为泡影。
进而言之，罗素在其所著《西方哲学史》中说：“黑格尔的哲学几乎全部是错误的。”而我则认为，西方哲学的概念、逻辑、辩证、普遍和形上系统都是来自中国，除此之外，剩下来的就是“愚蠢”。
爱因斯坦名言说，存在着两个“无限”：宇宙之大和人的愚蠢。西方哲学则属于后一种。为什么？
中国古代哲学乃调和天人关系，确保在人的“有为”（发明与发展）的同时，万物众生能够共存且永续。如果没有或取消此种“调和功能”，那就是“人的潜能”的无节制的释放；它包括正能量与负能量，后者意味着人与人、人与自然的双重冲突之最大化。这在世界联通之前的相对封闭的环境中，意味着自毁家园、自取灭亡；而在之后，在某些能够向外宣泄矛盾的“海洋地缘”中，其人则可以从它（无限潜能）那里收获“正能量”。西方崛起只是由于这个缘故。而西方哲学则是从理论高度，将这“正能量”称作西方的独特禀赋，将“负能量”变成摧残“外我”（异族与自然）的利器。如此损人利己、竭泽而渔能长久吗？其结果要么西方毁人毁己，要么随着天时地利（地理优势）的改变，它先被淘汰。
就人与自然的关系而言，西方哲学乃破坏地球家园的祸根。正如俄克拉荷马大学的沃尔斯（T. B. Voyles）所说：人毁灭自然？……将自然当作人类的牺牲品太简单了！那就是西方哲学和历史的普遍主题：……减少人与自然的关联，用二分法将人与自然相对立；……赋予人的能动性，将自然变成被动的、受宰割的对象。……简言之，原本是人和自然之多样性的世界，正在被西方变成了一个非人类（非生命）地球。[55]
概言之，西方宗教与哲学是我们这颗生命星球的“双重克星”。其宗教摧毁“万物有灵”，使自然及物种为“人”牺牲，此即林恩·怀特（Lynn White）著《生态危机的历史根源》[56]所论证。其哲学摧毁“万物一体”，在人类中心主义的形式下落实“牺牲自然”的神谕，此即库雷萨丹（J. I. Kureethadam）著《生态危机的哲学根源》[57]所论证。
图解：“西方哲学”是伪智慧，它反自然，害生态和非生命化，其结果是“人与生物圈同归于尽”。因此，“西方哲学代表人类的负面或愚蠢的极端。”
结 束 语
一个极为落后和野蛮的“种族”（盎撒/哥特/日耳曼），幸遇天时地利，便凭借其野蛮潜能之绽放和新兴的“海洋地缘”之优势，尤其是凭借中国知识的“乾坤挪移”，而将自身变成“文明的暴发户”；之后，它就以种族主义来牺牲人类的其他部分。与此同时，西方打造出“高人一等”的历史与学术，后者主要是“哲学”——征服世界与自然的思想利器。
亦即，西方中心论及种族主义者于18世纪末开始设计、随后层累构建的“正统哲学”（希腊/西方哲学），在实践中是个极具负能量的精神核弹；在它的引导下，西方人投身于从殖民战争到世界大战的人类自毁狂潮。
该“正统哲学”体现着人类愚蠢一面的极端，只不过西方利用中国哲学元素将其包装、来冒充“智慧”而已。讽刺的是，它成功地骗倒了现代人类，而被骗最惨的则是中国知识界！
极为可恶可悲的是，犹太哲学家列维纳斯（Emmanuel Levinas, 1905—1995）比纳粹有过之而无不及，他这样说：人类是由两希（希腊、希伯来）构成的，其他种族则等而下之（非人类）；最好是让他们按照前者所定的基调“起舞”。[58]我们成千上万的“爱哲学（爱智慧）”之士，岂不是被玩弄于西方中心论的股掌之上，甘做西方的精神奴隶，而“百兽率舞”吗？！
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