discontinuation of the 1980 China lithography machine project1980中国光刻机项目下马The Great Economic Achievements of Mao Zedong's Era毛泽东时代的伟大经济成就

About the discontinuation of the 1980 China lithography machine project

According to the information provided by netizens, we found that it is not true that China does not have a lithography machine! Our country had a lithography machine in the 1960s and had advanced technology. At that time, the lithography machine giant ASML had not yet been born. Until the 1970s, ASML was still Junior.

In 1972, "Manufacture of Photolithography Mask", compiled by Wuhan No. 3 Radio Component Factory, 32 pages, 66 pages. Although China's chip lithography technology research started later than the United States, it started at about the same time as Japan, 10 years earlier than South Korea and Taiwan.

In 1980, the lithography machine project was discontinued, but now it is strangled by chips.

The lithography machine (Mask Aligner) is the core equipment for manufacturing chips. It uses a technology similar to photoprinting to print the fine patterns on the mask onto the silicon wafer through light exposure. As of now, the chips manufactured by my country's lithography machines are 14 nanometers, but they cannot meet the application of high-end chips such as Huawei mobile phones, so they can only be imported from the Dutch company ASML. the

In the 1960s, my country began to develop lithography machines. At that time, the Dutch lithography machine production giant ASML had not yet been established. In 1965, the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed the Model 65 contact lithography machine. In the 1970s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences began to develop computer-aided photolithography mask technology. In 1972, Wuhan No. 3 Radio Component Factory compiled the industry production guide "Manufacture of Photolithography Mask". In 1980, Tsinghua University successfully developed the fourth-generation laser, with a lithography precision of 3 microns, close to the international mainstream level...

However, in the 1980s, a series of military and civilian high-tech projects, including Yun-10, Z-8, long-range bombers, large guided missile destroyers, Great Wall/Shuguang large-scale computer projects, and digital welding systems, were discontinued. in it. At that time, Wuhan No. 3 Radio Components Factory had already accumulated more than 20 years of technology accumulation in the lithography machine project in the scientific research of lithography machines, and it was possible to realize the process from quantitative change to qualitative change. However, without the support of national funds, everything became empty talk.

   The idea in the 1980s was that we should not spend such a large amount of effort, and let everyone get rich for a while by "building is worse than buying, and buying is worse than renting".

This cannot be completely wrong. After all, we cannot look at problems in isolation from the background of the times. However, it is definitely wrong to dismantle all high-tech across the board. This is tantamount to completely "man-made for the knife, I for the fish" in future competition, and hand over all possible advantages to others. We can only hope that the developed countries will always "conscience" Discover".

This is fundamentally an "opportunistic" route.

  "Left" opportunism, or eager for success, exaggerates the subjective strength of the revolution, underestimates the strength of the enemy and objective difficulties, and takes blind and risky actions in the revolution and construction; or confuses two types of contradictions of different nature within the revolutionary organization, and adopts A policy of brutal struggle and merciless strikes; or a closed-door doctrine on the issue of the Allied Forces, to overthrow everything.

Right-leaning opportunism means pinning hope on others and wanting to win; left-leaning opportunism means disregarding objective reality, thinking that I am the protagonist of Long Aotian, and I can win by doing what I want. From a higher level, opportunism is a kind of idealism. It is divorced from objective reality and does not respect objective laws, so it will naturally not have the vitality and combat effectiveness of materialism. Opportunism is not really the "right way".

What is not opportunism? For example, the now little-known "April 3 Plan". After the Sino-Soviet feud, in order for us to keep up with the pace of technological progress in the world, we used our precious foreign exchange to import large-scale complete sets of technical equipment from Western countries such as the United States, Federal Germany, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy. . The Fourth and Third Plans successively built 26 large-scale industrial projects, with a total investment of about 20 billion yuan. The old version of People’s Education history textbooks used this sentence when evaluating the significance of the Fourth and Third Plans: “It became an important foundation for China’s economic development in the 1980s.” the

Later, after implementing the line of "building is worse than buying, and buying is worse than renting", the idea of ​​"five-five-five" in the four-three plan (must buy core technology) was naturally shelved. Chairman Mao Zedong also criticized the policy of "building is worse than buying, and buying is worse than renting". Chairman Mao said: "No matter how expensive the shipbuilding is, the currency has not flowed out. It is just that the money has been put into the right pocket from the left pocket, and the meat has rotted in the pot. No matter how cheap it is to buy a ship, you have to pay foreigners, and the currency has flowed out. The account will be lost."

Under certain circumstances, it is reasonable to say that "buying is worse than building, and renting is worse than buying". Let's get this done first. But as mentioned above, this is a matter of opportunism. When there is an opportunity, it will succeed, and when there is no opportunity, it will fail.

Old revolutionaries like Chairman Mao's generation have a relatively high level. Instead of lending money for the future, they tighten their belts to give savings to their children and grandchildren. For example, the atomic bomb must be built while saving money.

At that time, someone in the central government said that if the country is not rich, the atomic bomb should not be carried out. Marshal Chen Yi clearly opposed it, saying that an atomic bomb should be made even if it is a pair of pants; Lin Sanhu said that the atomic bomb should be burned even if it is burned with firewood; Premier Zhou, Nie Rongzhen, Ye Jianying and other old marshals also advocated the creation of an atomic bomb. In the end, Chairman Mao made the final decision. We independently developed atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs. Since then, hundreds of millions of Chinese people no longer live under the shadow and blackmail of nuclear powers. Click to view "Selected Works of Mao Vol. 5" Why can't I buy it now?

Chairman Mao and his generation of old revolutionaries are too great, and their ideological realm is really different. If they can solve it in this generation, they will definitely solve it; solve. Never loan a little money to future generations, and even save a lot of assets, so that we can benefit endlessly so far.

Look at the post-disintegration of the Soviet Union, once a great country in science and technology, now can only rely on selling resources to survive, with a depressed economy and relying on others. As the saying goes: Qin people have no time to mourn for themselves, and later generations mourn;

The Great Economic Achievements of Mao Zedong's Era

1. A successful attempt of a human-centered economy: brilliant development achievements

"Mao Zedong didn't understand economics" has almost become a conclusive conclusion, and it has been accepted by people at home and abroad, and the author is unwilling to regard Mao Zedong as an economist and defend it. As a politician, leader of the ruling party and head of state, the key lies in whether the country's economy and other aspects have made great progress during his tenure. It is not objective to seek full blame, or to deny the overall economic achievements due to temporary economic mistakes. As for the views that "the economy was a mess during Mao Zedong's era" and "Mao Zedong delayed China's development", it is even more rash and irresponsible.

In the early days of the revolution led by Mao Zedong, he not only discovered and grasped the fundamental problem of Chinese society, that is, the peasant problem, but also initiated the land reform that was of epoch-making significance to China's economic and social development, and realized "land to the tiller". The earth has liberated agricultural productivity and also provided the fundamental land for the largest group in China to live a self-respecting life. In terms of impact and significance, it surpasses any subsequent individual economic reforms, such as the joint production contract responsibility system, economic marketization, etc.

What is especially important is that, through land reform and violent revolution, Mao Zedong completely eradicated the local forces entrenched everywhere, including local economic hegemony, local armed forces, local political hilltops, and underworld organizations. Cultural exchanges and economic circulation among various ethnic groups create a good internal environment for the long-term stability of Chinese society and economic development.

After 1949, Mao Zedong led the establishment of efficient and clean government agencies at all levels, and established the necessary leadership for economic development. The establishment of the public-owned planned economic system provides institutional guarantees for concentrating efforts on major tasks and developing necessary basic industries and heavy industries, science and education, culture, health and other undertakings under extremely limited resources. Mao Zedong's mobilization of the people and the unprecedented improvement of national cohesion provided a strong social foundation and motivation for the development of various economic and social undertakings. Although the planned economy has been abandoned today, the great development achievements since 1949 in the fields of economy, science, technology, culture, education, and national defense cannot be denied.

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, apart from textiles and some light industrial machinery in the eastern and inland central cities, China had no industrial foundation worth mentioning at all, and even lamp oil had to be imported. After 27 years of rapid industrialization, China has successfully established a complete industrial system. In 1952, industry accounted for 30% of GNP and agriculture for 64% (recovery in three years); by 1975, the ratios were reversed, with industry accounting for 72% of the national economy and agriculture for only 28% up.

Under Mao's leadership, China's industrial output increased thirty-fold. Even during the ten-year period of the "Cultural Revolution", the total industrial output value doubled, from 140.2 billion yuan in 1965 to 320.7 billion yuan in 1976. Such high-speed growth has been derogated by some economists as "stagnation" and "the economy is on the verge of collapse"; while all the signs of economic collapse, such as: soaring prices, increasing unemployment, and deterioration of the income and expenditure situation, have all disappeared. The traces make people not only ask: "Where does the edge of collapse start?" The following are the development data of several important industries:

From 1952 to the end of Mao Zedong's era (1978 is used as the cut-off year, because 1976-1978 is a natural continuation of Mao Zedong's era of economy.)

Steel production increased from 1.4 million tons to 31.8 million tons,

Coal production increased from 66 million tons to 617 million tons,

Cement production increased from 3 million tons to 65 million tons,

Timber production increased from 11 million cubic meters to 51 million cubic meters,

Electricity increased from 7 billion kWh (kWh) to 256 billion kWh,

Crude oil production has grown from a fundamental blank to 104 million tons,

Fertilizer output rose from 39,000 tons to 8.693 million tons,

Pesticides increased from 2,000 tons to 530,000 tons.

At the same time, China has established a large-scale aviation, aerospace, atomic energy and military industry system from scratch, and has made great achievements in these fields to establish China's status as a great power. By the time of Mao Zedong's death, China had developed from an agricultural country into an industrial powerhouse capable of manufacturing everything from jet aircraft, launch vehicles, nuclear submarines to complete sets of industrial equipment and all agricultural machinery. In 1976, China was second to none among developing countries in terms of completeness of industrial categories, technological level and development capabilities, and was close to or even reached the level of developed countries in some fields.

In terms of infrastructure construction, a total of more than 800,000 kilometers of roads (not including the construction of non-oil surface roads all over the countryside) and more than 20,000 kilometers of railways have been completed, most of which pass through the mountains and the Gobi Desert. , so that Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Qinghai, Fujian, Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Hetao Plain ended the history of no railways (the railway in Gansu Province in the early days of liberation was only the Longhai Railway to Tianshui section, which extended to Lanzhou after liberation, and construction of the Lanxin Line).

In terms of water conservancy construction, the management of major rivers has been completed, and more than 50,000 reservoirs have been built. Of the 31 super-large reservoirs with a storage capacity of more than 2 billion cubic meters, 30 were built 49 years later. Only 3,400 reservoirs were built for the Huaihe River management, which created conditions for the leisurely development of the economy in the future.

In terms of culture and education, compulsory education has been basically realized, and the investment in education funds has reached 5% of the gross national product. Thousands of colleges and universities and a sound basic education system have been established. The enrollment rate in the Mao era was the highest among developing countries. This also shows Mao Zedong's contribution to improving the overall quality of the Chinese people and the high degree of civilianization of Chinese society, which has a higher moral level than today's "aristocratic" education.

At the beginning of the reform and opening up, overseas and Hong Kong businessmen generally worried about investing in China: whether they could recruit well-educated labor in the mainland (they thought the mainland was like the Philippines and Indonesia). Chinese officials and scholars at all levels are also talking nonsense about "the quality of the labor force is an obstacle restricting China's ability to attract foreign investment." But to the surprise of the foreign investors who made the initial tentative investment, labor force with high school education is everywhere, which is unimaginable in other developing countries. Although the abolition of the college entrance examination has caused great damage to higher education, it cannot deny the great achievements of basic education. In 1990, subsequent education (including most colleges and universities) was little affected by political campaigns.

Another great achievement of the Mao Zedong era was the establishment of scientific research institutes with a large scale and a wide range of fields, which laid the foundation for the all-round development of scientific research and design in our country. And such a huge scientific research system is unique in developing countries, and globally, only the United States and the Soviet Union have such a complete set of scientific research categories. Without these scientific research institutions, the relatively high-quality civilian and military industries that China built in the 20 to 30 years after liberation were simply unimaginable. The existence of these institutes has played an indispensable role in the digestion and absorption of imported technologies, the localization of equipment and parts, and the tracking of the development of international high-tech industries after the reform and opening up.

In terms of medical and health construction, counties and communes have established health centers and trained teams of barefoot doctors all over the countryside (this is really a great idea unique in the world). The cost of medical treatment for urban residents is low, and the cost of injections and medicines for fever and cold is only equivalent to the price of a few eggs. The relatively complete health care system has enabled the average life expectancy of Chinese people to reach 66 years for men and 69 years for women in 1976, which is almost the highest level among developing countries. From one aspect, this endowed the Chinese government and its ruling system with a humanitarian color in the Mao Zedong era.

It is worth mentioning that all these achievements were achieved through self-reliance in the harsh international environment and constant wars. When Mao passed away, neither foreign debt nor inflation was left behind, which is extremely rare in developing countries. The Mao Zedong era still left a large amount of foreign exchange reserves. As of 1977, the total gold reserves were 12.8 million ounces and foreign exchange reserves were 2.345 billion US dollars, which prepared the conditions for the large-scale technology introduction in the era of Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping.

2. The Significance of Humanistic Economy

Due to the low base of GNP in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, even maintaining an annual growth rate of 10% is difficult to support such a rapid industrialization process and to pay such a huge expenditure on education, welfare and military expenditure.

In fact, the economic growth data during the Mao era did not reflect the actual level of activity in the economy, but only a part of it. Another large economic component that is not accounted for, if considered from the perspective of a market economy, is the cost of labor.

For example, to build a reservoir in a low-lying place on the North China Plain, because there is no need for explosives to open the mountain, and there is no machinery to participate, only the mobilization of volunteer labor to build the reservoir, the construction cost of this reservoir is about zero. This activity was simply not reflected in the economic statistics of the time. However, if the same reservoir is built under market economy conditions, its labor cost will become part of the investment, and the direct contribution of the reservoir to economic development will be included as the actual investment amount.

Railway construction is another special case.

Since more than 20,000 kilometers of railways are mostly built in areas with complex terrain, the scale of the project is unimaginable. The most famous is the Chengdu-Kunming Railway with a total length of 1,100 kilometers and bridges and tunnels accounting for more than 40% of the total length.

Under market economy conditions, it will be difficult for the country to cope with such a huge railway project. But at that time, the railway construction was completed by well-trained railway soldiers with zero labor cost, ensuring the quality and progress of the project with low investment. Many soldiers of the People's Liberation Army paid their precious lives for the construction of railways in areas with extremely complex terrain.

During the Mao era, low labor costs were necessary to ensure the accumulation of capital needed for the development of heavy industry.

The high sense of ownership of the people ensured the efficiency and quality of the project construction at that time. Looking at today's increasingly advanced science and technology, China has built a large number of "tofu dregs" projects, and then looking at the quality of projects such as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge built in the Mao Zedong era, you can understand the achievements of the country and people's customs in the Mao Zedong era.

Now back to the topic, what exactly is "understanding the economy"?

If economic growth rate is used to measure whether a leader understands the economy, then the average annual double-digit growth rate under Mao's leadership undoubtedly proves that Mao Zedong was an outstanding economic leader.

Is it possible to "understand the economy" only if you understand the market economy? Is the market economy the only option for human development? The brilliant achievements made by the Chinese people under the leadership of Mao Zedong in just 27 years undoubtedly gave a negative answer.

With Mao Zedong's wisdom and his experience of living in old China, it is impossible for him not to know concepts such as market economy and stock market. But he tried to find a new way to develop the economy, only in this way can China catch up with developed countries such as Britain and the United States more quickly. The author of this new path calls it a “people-oriented economy” based on planning. It is characterized by being people-centered and giving full play to people's subjective initiative as a force to promote economic development; it does not deny currency, but it is only used as a means of allocating material resources, not for purchasing or motivating labor.

In a market economy system, people, like other means of production, are only a part of production costs. Relatively speaking, the human-centered economy embodies respect for people, but its realization requires a harsh environment, namely: a leadership group with noble morals, an unprecedented increase in the awareness of the masses, clear development goals, and the transformation of individual will into group will common belief. Relatively speaking, the conditions for the realization of a market economy are relatively simple, that is, to create a fair competition environment for the realization of individual desires.

Looking at Mao Zedong's revolutionary career, he always put people and their education and transformation at the center.

He used the most popular language and simple slogans to let the soldiers and the masses under his leadership understand the country's goals, personal values and beliefs. This is an important magic weapon for the army under his leadership to defeat powerful opponents, and it is also an important reason for the unprecedented increase in labor enthusiasm of the masses under his leadership without material stimulation. This is what sets him apart from other leaders.

Mao Zedong created an environment suitable for people-oriented economic development and achieved brilliant success.

A simple denial of yesterday will deprive people of the present of the opportunity to absorb its essence and improve the current market economy. Mao Zedong's economic practice opened up a new way of thinking for the development of mankind.

Economists in the future will find that Mao Zedong's humanistic economic practice is likely to be the future state of human economic development. After all, it better reflects respect for people than the market economy and fully utilizes people's subjective initiative.

For example, in an environment with an extremely weak industrial and technological foundation, China successfully launched an artificial satellite in just over ten years; it took only nine years to complete the trial production of the 100-ton "Yun-ten" passenger aircraft.

However, under the market economy environment, on a not-so-bad basis and accompanied by the introduction of technology, a decent domestic car has not been launched so far.

3. The helplessness of closing the country

Another thing Mao Zedong did to enable today's people to be able to "be wise after the fact" is to close the door and not open to the outside world.

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong expressed his willingness to visit the United States. But the situation is stronger than people. Not long after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the US Seventh Fleet stationed in the Taiwan Strait, and then China and the US met each other on the Korean Peninsula. Containing China has become an important strategy of the United States.

In terms of military affairs, there are US military bases in Japan and South Korea in the east, and Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan is ready to "counterattack the mainland." In the southeast, there are US military bases in the Philippines. The northern border is tense; the Vietnam War has made the southern border of China tense.

From liberation to Mao Zedong's death, there were many vicious battles, including the Korean War in the early 1950s, indirect participation in the Indochina War, the Sino-Indian War in 1962, aiding Vietnam in the 1960s to resist the United States, the Zhenbao Island War in 1969, and the threat of the Soviet Union. The surgical nuclear strike on China's nuclear facilities made China have to "dig deep holes and accumulate food widely". The Battle of Xisha in 1974.

If China opens to the outside world, it can only face North Korea, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. As the largest capital exporter and largest market after the war, the United States cannot be used by me, and it tries its best to block China in terms of technology export.

Until the early 1980s, the U.S.-led Paris Coordinating Committee imposed more than 170 technology embargoes on China, while the embargo on its rival Soviet Union was only more than 150 (of course, this is more advanced than the Soviet Union’s technology. related). Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia were not able to export large amounts of funds until the early 1980s. Even with a good open environment, it is difficult to make a difference. Mao Zedong was a confident leader. Was he ever afraid of a challenge in his life?

In the early days of liberation, the People's Liberation Army was fully capable of liberating Hong Kong in one go, but Mao Zedong preserved Hong Kong's colonial status so that it could be fully utilized as a window to break the Western blockade. To a certain extent, this reflects that Mao Zedong not only did not intend to close the country, but also tried his best to break through the blockade in order to obtain the resources necessary for the country's development.

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the split between China and the Soviet Union, China's national gate was once opened to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; this opening was mainly based on the introduction of technology and complete sets of equipment. During this period, the Soviet Union's 156 sets of aid to China laid the foundation for China's heavy industry and military industry, and most of the projects belonged to the most advanced Soviet industrial technology.

In terms of the relative benefits brought by opening up to China, this period of time is by no means inferior to the achievements of opening up to the outside world more than ten years before the reform and opening up.

In the early 1970s, after Sino-US and Sino-Japanese relations eased, China immediately imported equipment including petrochemical, fertilizer manufacturing, metallurgy, mining and oil drilling, and thermal power plants from the United States, Japan, France, and Britain.

In 1973, Sino-US trade alone soared from 70 million to 800 million US dollars. There has been such a huge amount of international trade and the introduction of equipment more than a year after opening the door to Sino-US relations. It does not look like a closed country, but it shows the urgency of breaking through the blockade in the Mao Zedong era. At that time, the introduction of equipment was based on comprehensive planning, with the goal of improving the national industrial strength and technical level. It was very targeted, and the imported equipment produced good economic benefits.

From the perspective of opening up to enhance national strength and self-reliance, the effects brought by the introduction of technology and complete sets of equipment from the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and later the United States, Japan, Britain, and France in the Mao Zedong era are absolutely no less than those after the reform and opening up. Introduction aimed at attracting investment.

4. The choice of economic development strategy and its impact

In 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Deng Xiaoping at its core adjusted its economic development strategy and vigorously developed the consumer goods industry, focusing on meeting the consumption needs of the people.

However, the hostile international environment and weak industrial base during the Mao Zedong period required China to give priority to the development of heavy industry.

The economic development strategies of developing countries mainly include heavy industry priority, light industry priority, import substitution, export orientation, and equal emphasis on import substitution and export orientation.

For small countries, export orientation is the only choice; medium-sized developing countries, such as Malaysia, give priority to light industry, and pay equal attention to import substitution and export orientation is the appropriate choice;

But for a big country like China, in the harsh international environment, only the development strategy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry and taking into account import substitution became the only choice in the Mao Zedong era. In addition to the needs of the military industry, the development of China's civilian industry has also put forward a huge demand for basic equipment industry and industrial machine tools; for a big country like China, it is unrealistic to completely rely on imports.

Without the heavy industry foundation laid by Mao Zedong, the rapid development of light industry in the post-Mao era, especially the durable consumer goods industry, would have been impossible.

If the development of heavy industry is not prioritized, the country will have to spend a lot of foreign exchange to buy expensive power station equipment, large machine tools, mining machinery and heavy-duty vehicles, and the introduction of color TV and refrigerator production lines will become empty talk.

The "foreign leap forward" represented by the first phase of Baosteel's project (costing 17.8 billion US dollars) started under the leadership of Hua Guofeng and the second generation of main leaders drained all of China's foreign exchange, resulting in a huge fiscal deficit and almost ruining the "Cultural Revolution". "The Chinese economy, which ends up not too bad, is a striking example.

Part of the foreign exchange consumed was the foreign exchange surplus accumulated by the state through thrift during the Mao Zedong period.

Without the great achievements of Mao Zedong's era in transportation, energy, raw materials, military enterprises and third-tier enterprises in the central and western regions, China today will face even more difficult problems of uneven regional development. Only infrastructure such as transportation facilities in the central and western regions with complex terrain is enough for Deng Xiaoping's reforms to boast. Obviously, the development of light industry is much easier than the development of heavy industry and infrastructure construction.

China's "one-sided" policy towards the Soviet Union was later criticized by some people. However, if we look at the aid and influence of the Soviet Union to China's 156 industrial projects, it should not be difficult to understand that during the short honeymoon period with the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, East Germany, the Czech Republic and other Eastern European socialist countries assisted China's industrialization in a responsible manner. an initial basis.

It is simply impossible to carry out similar cooperation with capitalist countries such as the United States. These 156 items are mainly heavy industry and military industry. The distribution and collocation of various industrial fields have been carefully studied by Chinese and Soviet experts, and even the geographical layout of each item has been carefully considered. In the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the development of industrialization in our country, Soviet experts provided necessary knowledge assistance on the basis of absorbing the experience of Soviet industrialization. Take the machine tool industry as an example, all types of manufacturing plants in the machine tool industry, such as turning, milling, planing, grinding, drilling, punching, etc., are all included, as well as Qiqihar No. 1 Heavy Machinery Factory with an investment of 600 million yuan. A series of heavy machinery factories (it is much more difficult to build such factories than computer factories and home appliance assembly factories such as "Lenovo"). The establishment of these factories not only enabled China's machine tool manufacturing equipment level to enter the world's advanced ranks shortly after liberation, but also played an indispensable role in basic technology development, knowledge transfer and personnel training.

Today, with the complete localization of CNC systems, the level of China's machine tool industry has reached the advanced countries of Japan, the United States, and Germany; without the early foundation, the manufacture of domestic CNC machine tools and machining centers today will be unimaginable.

If you think about the construction of large-scale imported projects such as Shanghai Baosteel, Japan sent some second-hand equipment to my country with new paint, but the United States is still unwilling to sell advanced equipment to China, let alone import military enterprises and technology. It is not difficult to understand from this that if China did not have a short honeymoon period with the Soviet Union, the rapid rise of China's national industry would face even greater difficulties. Without the establishment of the first automobile manufacturing plant, a series of heavy machinery and machine tool factories, the rapid completion of large-scale industrial projects such as the second Shiyan automobile manufacturing plant, 10,000-ton hydraulic press and 10,000-ton wheel will face greater difficulties.

Among all the developing countries in the world and except the Soviet Union and some developed countries, China is the only one capable of establishing such a large-scale modern automobile factory entirely by its own industrial strength. Second Automobile Group started construction in 1969. The first car rolled off the production line in 1975. A total of 4,000 new equipment, 300 production lines, and 117 automated assembly lines were installed. The production capacity of trucks ranks third in the world. Just looking at the speed of construction and the degree of automation can refute the fallacy that no one engaged in production and scientific research during the so-called "Cultural Revolution".

Without the Harbin Boiler Factory, Electric Motor Factory and Steam Turbine Factory aided by the Soviet Union, it would be difficult for a series of large and medium-sized power equipment companies such as Sichuan Dongfang Power Group to rise rapidly, and China’s large-scale power station equipment construction capacity would be difficult to establish in the short term. After all This type of equipment includes almost all processing techniques in the machinery industry (for example, the welding technology of large power plant boilers, the rotor dynamics of steam turbines, alloy steel and precision manufacturing, etc., are the highest level of related technologies in the field of machinery industry). In the second half of the 1980s, Harbin Boiler Factory was able to build a 600,000-kilowatt super-large power plant boiler using American drawings, which was inseparable from the foundation laid before and also verified the world-class level of Chinese welding technology. Dongfang Power Group is now able to manufacture 600,000 MW of large-scale steam turbines, marking that China's power equipment field is fully reaching the world-class level.

Of course, some of China's later power companies were keen to spend several times more money to buy Japanese power station equipment, certainly not all because of technology. China is not rich enough to care about the price difference several times. With the completion of China's 600,000-kilowatt large-scale generating units, the technology gap between China and Japan's large-scale power station equipment is not large.

What is certain is that the economic policies and political environment of Mao Zedong’s period enabled China, an extremely impoverished country, to leapfrog the stage of primitive capital accumulation, which took a longer time, or even hundreds of years, to complete in a market economy country, and was able to develop large-scale industries. develop and grow. Even today, after more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China's private enterprises are not capable of taking commercial risks in the field of heavy industry (especially in the field of basic equipment and raw materials).

During the Sino-Soviet honeymoon period, it also received technical and equipment support from other Eastern European socialist countries. In addition to strengthening the socialist camp and dispersing the strategic power of the United States, China also economically and technologically supported the Soviet Union and the Eastern European socialist camp. Feedback is minimal.

When some Chinese today criticize Mao Zedong's great aid to third world countries, they may not realize that China is the biggest beneficiary of international aid within the socialist camp. No matter in terms of scale, technical level or reasonable collocation of industries, China's foreign aid is completely different from the international aid China has received in this regard. In addition, it is very normal for big and rich countries to provide economic aid to other countries. A big country that refuses foreign aid will inevitably face diplomatic embarrassment. India's foreign aid funds have been maintained at a high level for a long time.

Even Vietnam, North Korea, and Pakistan, which have benefited the most from China's foreign aid, have played an important role in improving China's overall security environment. The main purpose of China's assistance to them is to "defend the country." China cannot allow small neighboring countries to be used as bridgeheads against China by world powers.

As far as the purpose of diplomacy serving national interests is concerned, Mao Zedong's "one-sided" foreign policy towards the Soviet Union is undoubtedly an extremely successful diplomatic case.

As far as Mao Zedong's personality and nationalism are concerned, there is no great advantage. Would he easily call others "Big Brother"? When Stalin gave Mao Zedong a car, he generously gave back a bunch of his favorite red peppers (he is really humorous); At that time, his nationalist plot immediately fermented: You give me the machine, and the canned radish we produce will be sold to you to pay for the machine. Of course, nothing happened in the end.

Although South Korea became the Four Asian Tigers more than 30 years after the Korean War, it created the "Miracle of the Han River". The production tonnage of the shipbuilding industry ranks first in the world, but its large marine engines still rely on imports from Japan. However, before 1976, my country had already possessed the manufacturing capacity of engines for various ships (from torpedo boats to 10,000-ton rounds and nuclear submarines). South Korea's Hyundai Heavy Industries has also learned to manufacture electric locomotives, but its key technologies are all imported. China, on the other hand, has a completely independent locomotive manufacturing capability. Although it lags behind some developed countries (Japan, France, and Germany) in terms of types and technical levels, it is at a relatively high level in a global perspective.

Although Taiwan has made considerable economic progress, its main products in the early days were mainly light industrial products. If you compare the level of self-owned industrial technology and comprehensive manufacturing capabilities in 1976, except for South Korea's Samsung's start-up semiconductor industry, South Korea and Taiwan cannot be compared with mainland China at all. The components of their home appliances are mainly imported.

Even from a global perspective, the mainland in 1976 had the highest industrial scale, technological level, and research and development capabilities in developing countries, and was close to the level of developed countries in some areas.

In the mid-to-late 1970s, the rapid take-off of microelectronics industry and computer technology and the wide application of large and medium-scale integrated circuits in industrial fields including home appliances, clocks and watches, and automation control rapidly expanded the market share of China and surrounding small dragons in some emerging industries. The distance between fields, especially the industrial revolution since the early 1980s, marked by the personal computer and its full range of applications, has exacerbated this gap.

Of course, China’s lack of industry in the field of light industry dominated by consumer goods, insufficient technical preparations in related fields, lack of business concepts for consumer goods, and lack of flexibility in the system (in the era of planned economy, the output of heavy industry is easy to plan, while the planning of consumer goods industry It is difficult and not feasible), as well as the technological blockade of China by foreign countries, are the main reasons why China failed to catch up in time. Even though South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore have made great achievements in the semiconductor industry, none of them has the ability to independently develop semiconductor industry equipment and basic process principles. This is the most difficult place for an economic powerhouse like the United States to be caught up or surpassed by others.

In the early 1970s, mainland China independently developed the ion implanter (developed by the Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences) required for integrated circuit manufacturing, and was able to export it to Japan. China built the early semiconductor industry on its own, and accumulated talents and knowledge in the whole process from single crystal pulling, equipment manufacturing, to integrated circuit manufacturing. At that time, apart from China, the only countries with such capabilities were the United States, Japan, and the Soviet Union. Of course, we will not talk about the reasons for China's backwardness in the semiconductor industry. The author’s knowledge across multiple engineering fields, and based on his in-depth understanding of many industrial fields and economic development laws, has the confidence to defend the heavy industry line during Mao Zedong’s period, and was able to recognize the industrial revolution that occurred during Mao Zedong’s period and the It is a comprehensive and fundamental contribution to the rise of the Chinese nation.

Of course, most economists prefer to judge from the macro data of economic development, while ignoring the extreme importance of economic micro structure. Without strong basic equipment, raw materials and component industries, even if most of the electrical products in the world are produced and assembled in China, China can only be regarded as an economic power at best, not an economic power by any means.

When we complain about Mao Zedong because of the technological leadership of foreign countries, we have actually put ourselves in the arena of competing with developed countries. Such rules of the game were not fair to China in 1976.

It is a pity that when the Chinese eat the tenth cake and are no longer hungry, they forget all the credit for the first nine cakes.

When retired workers of some state-owned enterprises cannot receive their pensions in time due to the current difficulties of the enterprises, have the Chinese government and the people forgotten their contribution? It was their generation under the leadership of Mao Zedong, under the condition of no personal remuneration and high national accumulation, that achieved the brilliant achievements of China's industrialization and laid a solid foundation for today's rich supply of consumer goods.

毛泽东时代的伟大经济成就

 一、人本经济的成功尝试：辉煌的发展成就

“毛泽东不懂经济”几乎成了定论，而被海内外人士所接受，笔者也不愿将毛泽东视之为经济学家并为此进行辩护。作为一位政治家、执政党领袖和国家元首，关键在于在他任内国家的经济等方面是否取得了巨大的进展。求全责备，或因一时的经济失误而否定经济的整体成就是不客观的，至于“毛泽东时期经济一团糟”、“毛泽东耽误了中国的发展”等观点，更是轻率和不负责任。

在毛泽东领导革命的早期，既发现并抓住了中国社会的根本问题，即农民问题，并由此启动了对中国经济社会发展具有划时代意义的土地改革，实现了“耕者有其田”，极大地解放了农业生产力，也为中国最大的群体过上自尊的生活提供了根本的基础土地。就影响和意义，超越后来的任何单项经济改革，如联产承包责任制、经济市场化等。

尤其重要的是，毛泽东通过土改和暴力革命，彻底铲除了到处盘踞的地方势力，包括地方经济霸权、地方武装和地方政治山头、黑社会组织，实现了国家的真正大一统局面，促进中国各地方、各民族之间的文化交流、经济流通等，为中国社会的长治久安和经济发展创造良好的内部环境。

1949年之后，毛泽东领导建立起高效清廉的各级政府机构，为经济的发展建立起必要的领导力量。公有制计划经济体系的确立，对于在资源极为有限的情况下集中力量干大事，发展必要的基础工业和重工业、科教、文化、卫生等事业，提供了制度的保证。毛泽东对人民的动员和民族凝聚力的空前提高，则为经济、社会各项事业的发展，提供了强大的社会基础和动力。虽然计划经济已为今天所放弃，但自1949年之后在经济、科技文教、国防等领域的巨大发展成就，是无法否定的。

建国之初，中国除了东部和内陆中心城市的纺织和一些轻工机械等，根本没有值得一提的工业基础，甚至连灯油要靠进口。经过二十七年的高速工业化，中国成功建立了完善的工业体系。1952年，工业占国民生产总值的30%，农业占64%（三年实现经济恢复）；而到1975年，这个比率颠倒过来了，工业占国家经济的72%，农业则仅占28%了。

在毛领导下中国的工业总产值增长了三十倍。即使“文革”十年期间，工业总产值也翻了一番，从1965年的1402亿元发展到1976年的3207亿元。这样的高速增长居然被某些经济学家贬之为“停滞不前”、“经济到了崩溃的边缘”；而经济崩溃的所有先兆，如：物价飞涨、失业增加、收支状况恶化等全部没有踪影，让人不仅要问：“崩溃的边缘从何谈起？”以下是几个重要产业的发展数据：

从1952年至毛泽东时代结束（以1978年为截止年，因1976年至1978年是毛泽东时代经济的自然延续。）

钢铁产量从140万吨增长到3180万吨，

煤炭产量从6600万吨增长到61700万吨，

水泥产量从300万吨增长到6500万吨，

木材产量从1100万方增长到5100万方，

电力从70亿度（千瓦时）增长到2560亿度，

原油产量从根本的空白发展到10400万吨，

化肥产量从3.9万吨上升到869.3万吨，

农药从0.2万吨增加到53万吨。

同时，中国从无到有，建立起规模庞大的航空、航天、原子能及门类齐全的军工体系，并在这些领域取得了奠定中国大国地位的巨大成就。至毛泽东逝世时，中国已由一农业国发展成为从喷气式飞机、运载火箭、核潜艇到工业成套设备和所有农业机械无所不能造的工业大国。中国在1976年时的工业门类齐全程度、技术水平和开发能力在发展中国家中是首屈一指的，并在部分领域接近甚至达到发达国家水平。

在基础设施建设方面，共完成了八十多万公里的公路（不包括遍布乡村的非油面道路建设），两万多公里的铁路，其中绝大部分是穿越于群山峻岭和戈壁沙漠，使云南、广西、四川、贵州、青海、福建、新疆、宁夏、河套平原等结束了没有铁路的历史（甘肃省在解放初期的铁路只有陇海铁路到天水段，解放后延伸到兰州，并建设兰新线）。

在水利建设方面，完成了主要大江河的治理工作，兴建了五万多座水库，库容在20亿立方米以上的31座超大型水库中，30座为49年后所建。仅淮河治理就修建了3400座水库，为以后从容发展经济创造了条件。

在文教方面，基本实现了义务教育，教育经费的投入最高曾达国民生产总值的5%，建立了上千所大专院校和完善的基础教育体系。毛泽东时代的升学率对于发展中国家来说是最高的。这也表明了毛泽东对提高中国人民的整体素质所做的贡献和中国社会的高度平民化色彩，这和今天“贵族”式教育相比，具有更高的道德层次。

改革开放之初，海外和香港商人对在中国投资普遍的担忧是：在大陆是否能招到接受良好教育的劳动力（他们以为大陆象菲律宾和印尼）。中国各级官员和学者也在胡说八道什么“劳动力素质是制约中国吸引外资的障碍”。但令最初试探性投资的外商惊奇的是，拥有高中文化程度的劳动力到处都是，这在其它发展中国家是不可想象的。虽然取消高考使得高等教育受到极大的摧残，但不能因此否定基础教育的伟大成就，至于那些说什么“文革”期间没人好好学习，更是犯了一叶障目的错误，除了“文革”开始的两年，后来的教育（包括绝大部分高校）受政治运动的影响很小。

毛泽东时代的另一个巨大成就是建立了规模庞大、分布领域广泛的科研院所，为我国科学研究和设计的全方位发展，打下了基础。而这样庞大的科研体系，在发展中国家是唯一的，在全球范围来看，也只有美、苏拥有这样齐全的科研门类配套。没有这些科研机构，中国在解放后二、三十年建起的较高素质的民用和军事工业，根本不可想象。这些院所的存在，为改革开放后对进口技术的消化吸收、设备及零部件国产化、跟踪国际高技术产业的发展等，发挥了必不可少的作用。

在医疗卫生建设方面，各县城和公社建立了卫生院，并培养了遍布乡村的赤脚医生队伍（这真是个世界独一无二的伟大创意）。城市居民看病收费低廉，发烧感冒类打针吃药费用只相当于几个鸡蛋的价钱。相对完善的医疗保健体系，使得1976年中国人的平均寿命达到男人为六十六岁，女人六十九岁，这在发展中国家中几乎居于最高水平。这从一个方面赋予毛泽东时代中国政府及其执政体制的人道主义的色彩。

值得一提的是，所有这些成就是在国际环境恶劣、大战不断的情况下，通过自力更生实现的。在毛逝世时，即没留下外债，也无通货膨胀，这在发展中国家是极其罕见的。毛泽东时代还留下大量外汇储备，截止1977年共有黄金储备1280万盎司和外汇储备23.45亿美元，为华国峰和邓小平时代大规模的技术引进准备了条件。

二、人本经济的意义

由于建国初期国民生产总值基数低，即使保持10%的年增长率也难以支持如此快速的工业化进程，支付如此庞大的教育、福利和军费开支。

实际上，毛泽东时期的经济增长数据并没有反映经济的实际活跃程度，只反映了其中的一部分。另一大块未被计入的经济成分，如果按市场经济的角度考虑，是劳动力的成本。

例如，在华北平原上某低洼处修建一座水库，因无需炸药开山，也没有机械参预，只有发动群众义务劳动建造，这座水库的建设成本约为零。这一活动在当时的经济统计数据上根本反映不出。但同样一座水库如在市场经济条件下建造，其劳动力成本将成为投资部分，建成这座水库对经济发展的直接贡献将等于其实际完成投资额而被计入。

铁路建设是另一特例。

两万多公里铁路因多建在地形复杂的地区，工程之浩大是难以想象的，最著名的要数全长1100公里，桥隧占总长度40%以上的成昆铁路。

在市场经济条件下，国家将难于应付如此庞大的铁路工程项目。但当时铁路建设是由劳动力零成本，训练有素的铁道兵完成，在低投资下确保工程的质量和进度。在地形极为复杂的地区修建铁路，不少解放军战士为此付出宝贵的生命。

在毛泽东时代，劳动力开支的低微对确保重工业发展所需要的资本积累是必不可少的。

人民的高度主人翁精神确保了当时工程建设的效益和质量。看一下在科技日益发达的今天，中国建设了不在少数的“豆腐渣”工程，再看看毛泽东时代建设的诸如南京长江大桥等工程的质量，就能明白毛泽东时代国家和民风建设的成就。

至此重新回到主题，即到底何谓“懂经济”？

如果以经济增长速度来衡量领导人是否懂经济，那么毛领导下年均两位数的增长速度，无疑证明毛泽东是一卓越的经济领导人。

是否只有懂得市场经济才是“懂经济”呢？市场经济是否是人类发展的唯一选择？毛泽东领导中国人民在短短二十七年间所取得的辉煌成就，无疑给了一否定的回答。

以毛泽东的智慧和他在旧中国生活的经历，他不可能不知道市场经济、股票市场等概念。但他试图寻找发展经济的一条新路，只有这样中国才能更快地赶上英美等发达国家。这条新路笔者称之为基于计划的“人本经济”。它的特点是以人为中心，以充分发挥人的主观能动性作为推动经济发展的力量；它并不否定货币，但仅作为分配物质资源的手段，而不用于购买或激励劳动力。

而市场经济体系中，人和其它生产资料一样，不过是生产成本的一部分。相对而言，人本经济体现了对人的尊重，但它的实现需要较苛刻的环境，即：高尚道德的领导集体，群众觉悟的空前提高，明确的发展目标，将个体意志转化为群体意志的共同信仰。相对来说，市场经济实现的条件比较简单，即为个人欲望的实现创造一公平竞争的环境即可。

综观毛泽东的革命生涯，他始终将人和人的教育改造放在中心地位。

他用最通俗的语言、简单的口号让他领导下的军人和群众明白国家的目标、个人的价值和信仰。这是他领导下的军队战胜强大对手的重要法宝，也是他领导下的群众在没有物质刺激情况下劳动积极性空前提高的重要原因。这是他比其它领袖们远高一筹之处。

毛泽东创建了适于人本经济发展的环境，并取得了辉煌的成功。

对昨天的简单否定，将使现在的人失去了吸取其精华并完善当前市场经济的机会。毛泽东的经济实践为人类的发展道路开辟了新的思路。

未来的经济学家将会发现，毛泽东的人本经济实践很可能是人类经济发展的未来状态，毕竟它比市场经济更好地体现了对人的尊重，更充分地发挥人的主观能动性。

譬如，中国在工业和科技基础极其薄弱的环境下，只用十多年的时间就成功地发射了人造卫星；只用9年就完成百吨级“运十”客机的试制。

而在市场经济环境下，在并不很差的基础上并同时还伴随着技术的引进，至今推不出一辆象样的国产轿车。

三、闭关锁国的无奈

毛泽东另一项让今人能作“事后诸葛亮”的即闭关自守，不搞对外开放。

在建国前，毛泽东曾表示过访问美国的意愿。但形势比人强，建国不久，美第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，接着中、美即在朝鲜半岛兵戎相见，战争的结果更让老美颜面扫地。围堵中国成了美国的重要战略。

在军事上，东面有日本、南韩美军基地，台湾的蒋介石随时准备“反攻大陆”，东南方有菲律宾的美军基地，在西南方的印度受到美国的大力援助；六十年代中苏关系恶化，北方边境紧张；越南战争使中国南国境线吃紧。

从解放至毛泽东逝世恶仗不断，有五十年代初的朝鲜战争，间接参与印度支那战争，六二年中印之战，六十年代援越抗美，六九年珍宝岛战争，紧接着苏联威胁对中国核设施进行外科手术式的核打击使得中国不得不“深挖洞，广积粮”，七四年西沙之战。

如果中国对外开放，也只能面向朝鲜、巴基斯坦、老挝、缅甸和泰国。美国作为战后最大的资金输出国和最大市场，不能为我所用，且尽力在技术输出上封锁中国。

直到八十年代初，美国主导的巴黎统筹委员会对中国的技术禁运高达一百七十多项，而对其死对头苏联的禁运才一百五十多项（当然，这与苏联技术较进步有关）。台、港、东南亚直到八十年代初还没能力大量输出资金，即使有良好开放环境，也难有所作为。毛泽东是一位充满自信的领袖，他一生何曾惧怕过挑战？

解放初期，解放军完全有能力一鼓作气解放香港，但毛泽东将香港的殖民地状态保留下来，以便能充分利用，作为打破西方封锁的窗口。这一定程度上反映了毛泽东不仅不准备闭关锁国，而且尽力突破封锁，以取得国家发展所必须的资源。

建国至中、苏决裂，中国的国门曾面向苏联、东欧打开；这种开放是以引进技术和成套设备为主。这期间，苏联对华一五六项成套援助奠定了中国重工业和军事工业的基础，而且大多数项目属于苏联最先进工业技术。

就开放给中国带来的相对收益而言，这段时间决不逊色于改革开放前十多年对外开放的成果。

70年代初，中美、中日关系缓和后，中国立即从美、日、法、英等引进包括石油化工、化肥制造、冶金、采矿和石油钻探、热电厂等设备。

1973年，仅中美贸易就从七千万猛增到8亿美元。打开中美关系大门后一年多就有如此巨大的国际贸易和设备引进，怎么看也不像闭关锁国，反而显示出毛泽东时代突破封锁的急切感。当时的设备引进是在全面统筹基础上，以提高民族工业实力和技术层次为目标，具有非常强的针对性，引进设备均产生良好的经济效益。

从开放为增强国家实力和自力更生能力的角度来看，毛泽东时代从苏联、东欧和后来美、日、英、法等的技术和成套设备引进所带来的效果，绝对不亚于改革开放后以吸引投资为目标的引进。

四、经济发展战略的选择及影响

1978年，以邓小平为核心的中共中央调整经济发展战略，大力发展消费品工业，以满足人民的消费需求为重点。

而毛泽东时期敌对的国际环境、薄弱的工业基础要求中国不得不将重工业的发展放在优先考虑的地位。

发展中国家的经济发展战略主要有重工业优先、轻工业优先、进口替代、出口导向、进口替代和出口导向并重等。

对于小国来说，出口导向是唯一选择；中等发展中国家，如马来西亚等，轻工业优先，进口替代和出口导向并重则为合适选择；

但对中国这种大国来说，在恶劣的国际环境下，只有优先发展重工业并兼顾进口替代的发展战略就成了毛泽东时代的不二选择。除军品工业的需要外，中国民用工业的发展也对基础装备工业和工业母机提出了庞大的需求；对中国这样一个大国来讲，完全依赖进口根本不现实。

没有毛泽东时代奠定的重工业基础，毛后时代的轻工业，特别是耐用消费品工业的快速发展根本不可能实现。

如果不优先发展重工业，那么国家就不得不拿出大量的外汇去购买昂贵的电站设备、大型机床、采矿机械和载重车辆，彩电、冰箱生产线的引进就成了一句空话。

由华国锋和第二代主要领导人主导下开始的以宝钢一期工程（耗资178亿美元）为代表的“洋跃进”，耗干中国全部外汇，导致巨额财政赤字，几乎断送了“文革”结束时还不是太坏的中国经济，就是一突出的例证。

而所消耗的外汇一部分是在毛泽东时期通过国家的节俭而积累的外汇盈余。

没有毛泽东时代在中西部地区交通、能源、原材料、军工企业和三线企业等方面的巨大成就，今日的中国将面临更加棘手的地区发展不平衡问题。仅仅地形复杂的中西部地区交通设施等基础建设就足以让邓小平的改革无所夸耀。很明显，轻工业的发展要比发展重工业和搞基础建设容易的多。

中国对苏“一面倒”的政策，后来受到一些人的非议。但如果考察一下苏联对中国156项工业项目的援助和影响，应不难明白，和苏联的短暂蜜月时期，苏联、东德、捷克等东欧社会主义国家以负责任的姿态，协助中国的工业化打下了初步的基础。

而与美国等资本主义国家要进行类似的合作，是根本不可能的。这156项主要为重工业和军事工业，在各工业领域的分布搭配经过了中苏专家的认真研究，甚至在各项目的地理布局上都认真推敲。在我国还缺乏对工业化发展全面认识的情况下，苏联专家在吸收苏联工业化经验的基础上给予了必需的知识协助。就拿机床工业来说，机床工业所有类型的制造厂，如车、铣、刨、磨、钻、冲等，全部包括在内，还有象投资6亿元建立的齐齐哈尔第一重型机器厂等一系列重机厂（建这类工厂要比“联想”之类的计算机厂和家电组装厂困难的多）。这些工厂的建立，不仅使中国的机床制造装备水平在解放后不久立即进入世界先进行列，也在基础工艺发展、知识传授和人才培养方面，扮演了必不可少的角色。

今天，随着数控系统的完全国产化，中国机床工业水平已直指日、美、德先进国家；没有早期的基础，今日国产数控机床、加工中心的制造将不可想象。

如果想一下上海宝钢等大型引进项目建设时，日本将一些二手设备涂上新漆运来我国，而美国至今不愿将先进设备卖给中国，更别提军工企业和技术引进了。由此不难明白，中国如果没有和苏联的短暂蜜月时期，中国民族工业的迅速崛起将面临更大的困难。没有第一汽车制造厂、一系列重机和机床厂的建立，后来的十堰第二汽车制造厂、万吨水压机和万吨轮等大型工业项目的迅速建成将面临更大的困难。

在世界所有发展中国家和除苏联及个别发达国家外，中国是唯一有能力完全靠自身的工业力量建立起如此规模的现代化汽车厂。二汽于1969年开工建设，1975年第一辆汽车下线，共安装四千台新设备，300条生产线，117条自动化流水线，载重车产能位居世界第三。单看建设的速度和自动化程度，就可以驳斥所谓“文革”期间没人搞生产和科研的谬论。

如果没有苏联援建的哈尔滨锅炉厂、电机厂和汽轮机厂，后来的四川东方动力集团等一系列大中型动力设备企业将难以迅速崛起，中国大型电站设备的建造能力将很难短期建立起来，毕竟这类设备囊括了机械工业几乎所有的加工工艺（例如，大型电站锅炉的焊接技术，汽轮机的转子动力学、合金钢和精密制造等，都是机械工业领域相关技术的最高水平）。八十年代后半期，哈尔滨锅炉厂能利用美国图纸建造60万千瓦的超大型电站锅炉，与以前打下的基础密不可分，也验证了中国焊接技术的世界级水平。东方动力集团现在能制造60万瓩大型汽轮机组，标志着中国动力设备领域正全面达到世界一流水平。

当然，中国后来的一些电力公司热衷于多花几倍的钱买日本电站设备，肯定不全是技术的原因。中国还没有富裕到不在乎几倍差价的地步。随着中国60万千瓦大型机组的建成，中日大型电站设备的技术差距并不大。

可以肯定的是，毛泽东时期的经济政策和政治环境，使得中国这样一个赤贫的国家，一步跨越了市场经济国家需更长时间，甚至上百年才能完成的原始资本积累阶段，而得以展开大工业的发展和壮大。即使在改革开放二十多年后的今天，中国的民营企业也没有能力在重工业领域（尤其是基础装备及原材料领域）进行商业冒险。

在中苏蜜月时期，还得到了其它东欧社会主义国家的技术和设备支持，而中国除壮大了社会主义阵营，分散了美国的战略力量外，在经济和技术上对苏联和东欧社会主义阵营的回馈微乎其微。

当今日的一些中国人就毛泽东时代对第三世界国家的大力援助予以指责时，可能没有意识到，在社会主义阵营内部的国际援助方面，中国是最大的受益国。中国对外援助无论在规模上、技术层次上还是产业的合理搭配方面，与中国在这方面所得到的国际援助相比，根本不可同日而语。另外，大国和富国对其它国家的经济援助本来就是非常正常的，一个拒绝对外援助的大国必然面对外交上的尴尬，印度对外援助的资金曾长期维持在高水平。

即使在接受中国对外援助方面受益最大的越南、朝鲜和巴基斯坦，对改善中国的周遍安全环境发挥了重要作用。中国援助他们的主要目的是“保家卫国”，中国不能允许周边小国被世界强权作为对付中国的桥头堡。

如果就外交为国家利益服务的目的而言，毛泽东对苏联的“一面倒”外交政策，无疑是一极为成功的外交案例。

就毛泽东的个性和民族主义色彩来说，没有天大的好处，他会轻易地叫别人一声“老大哥”吗？当斯大林送给毛泽东一辆小轿车时，他老人家慷慨地回送了一串自己喜爱的红辣椒（他老人家真够幽默的）；可当苏联希望在地广人稀的黑龙江建一个箩卜罐头厂时，他的民族主义情节立即发酵：您把机器给我，我们生产的箩卜罐头卖给你们还机器钱。当然，最后不了了之。

韩国虽然在朝鲜战争后三十多年成为亚洲四小龙，创造了“汉江奇迹”。造船工业的生产吨位已世界第一，但其大型船用引擎至今依赖日本进口。而我国在1976年以前已具备了各种船舶（从鱼雷快艇到万吨轮和核潜艇）引擎的制造能力。韩国现代重工也学会了制造电力机车，但其关键技术全是进口。而中国则具有完全独立的机车制造能力，在种类和技术层次上虽然比个别发达国家（日、法、德）落后，但在全球范围来看，则居于一个较高的水平。

台湾，虽然在经济上有长足的进展，但其早期的主要产品以轻工业品为主。如果拿1976年时的自有工业技术层次和综合制造能力进行对比，除韩国三星刚起步的半导体工业外，韩国和台湾根本无法和中国大陆相提并论。他们生产的家用电器的元器件主要靠进口。

即使从全球角度来看，1976年的大陆，工业规模、技术水平和研发能力，是发展中国家最高的，并在部分领域接近发达国家水平。

七十年代中后期，微电子工业和电脑技术的迅速腾飞和大、中规模集成电路在包括家电、钟表、自动化控制等工业领域的广泛应用，才迅速拉大了中国和周边小龙在某些新兴领域的距离，尤其是自八十年代初期开始的，以个人计算机及其全方位应用为标志的工业革命，加剧了这种差距。

当然，中国在以消费品为主的轻工业领域的产业不足、相关领域技术准备不够、对消费品经营理念的缺乏、体制上的欠缺灵活（在计划经济时代，重工业产量便于计划，而对消费品工业进行计划是困难的，也是不可行的），以及外国对中国的技术封锁，是中国没能及时赶上的主因。即使韩国、台湾和新加坡在半导体工业领域已取得巨大成就，但他们中没有一个具备独立发展半导体工业装备和基础工艺原理的能力。这是美国这种经济强国最难于被别人追赶或超越之处。

而中国大陆在七十年代初期，就独立发展了集成电路制造所需要的离子注入机（中科院上海冶金所研制），并得以出口日本。中国靠自己的力量建起了早期的半导体工业，从拉单晶、设备制造、到集成电路制造全过程，积累了人才和知识。而当时具备这种能力的国家除中国外，只有美、日和苏联了。当然，中国后来半导体工业的落后原因就不谈了。笔者本人横跨多个工程领域的知识，和基于对众多工业领域及经济发展规律的深入认识，才有信心为毛泽东时期重工业路线进行辩护，也才得以认识到毛泽东时期所发生的工业革命和对中华民族崛起的全面的、基础性的伟大贡献。

当然，大多数经济学家则更喜欢从经济发展的宏观数据进行评判，而忽略经济微观结构的极端重要性。没有强大的基础装备、原材料和零部件工业，即使世界上大部分的电器产品都在中国生产组装，中国最多只能算是个经济大国，而决非经济强国。

当我们看到外国技术上的领先而埋怨毛泽东时，实际上我们已将自己放在了和发达国家竞赛的擂台上。这样的比赛规则对于1976年时的中国并不公平。

令人遗憾的是，当中国人在吃完第十个饼，不再肚饿时，将前九个饼的功劳忘得一干二净。

当一些国营企业的退休老工人因目前企业的困境而不能及时领到退休金时，中国政府和民间是否已忘却了他们的贡献？正是他们这一代人在毛泽东的领导下，在个人不计酬劳，国家高积累的情况下，才有了中国工业化的辉煌成就，才为今日丰富的消费品供应打下雄厚的基础。

关于1980中国光刻机项目下马

根据网友提供的资料，我们发现还真不是中国人造不出光刻机!我国60年代就曾布局过光刻机且技术先进，那时光刻机巨头ASML还没诞生，直到70年代，ASML仍是小字辈。

1972年，武汉无线电元件三厂编写的《光刻掩模版的制造》，32开66页。中国芯片光刻工艺研究起步，虽比美国稍晚，但跟日本差不多同时起步，比韩国、台湾早10年。

1980年光刻机项目下马，而今被芯片扼住了喉咙　 　　

光刻机(Mask Aligner)是制造芯片的核心装备。它采用类似照片冲印的技术，把掩膜版上的精细图形通过光线的曝光印制到硅片上。截至目前，我国光刻机能制造的芯片是14纳米，但是无法满足如华为手机等高端芯片的应用，因此只能从荷兰ASML公司进口。　　

上世纪六十年代，我国就开始布局研发光刻机，彼时荷兰光刻机生产巨头ASML尚未成立。1965年中国科学院研制出65型接触式光刻机。1970年代，中国科学院开始研制计算机辅助光刻掩模工艺。1972年，武汉无线电元件三厂编写了行业生产指导《光刻掩模版的制造》。1980年清华大学研制成功第四代分，光刻精度达到3微米，接近国际主流水平……

然而到了上世纪八十年代，包括运10、直8、远程轰炸机、大型导弹驱逐舰、长城/曙光大型计算机项目、数字焊接系统等一系列军用、民用高精尖技术项目下马，光刻机项目也在其中。彼时武汉无线电元件三厂在光刻机的科研上已经在光刻机项目上有了20多年的技术积累，是有可能实现从量变到质变的过程。然而没有了国家经费的支持，一切都成了空谈。 

  80年代的思路就是我们先不花这个大力气了，先“造不如买，买不如租”一段时间让大家富起来。

这也不能完全说错，我们毕竟不能脱离时代背景看问题。但是，一刀切的下马所有高新技术肯定是错了，这就等于在未来的竞争中完全“人为刀俎，我为鱼肉”，把一切可能的优势拱手让人，只能寄希望于发达国家永远“良心发现”。

这从根本上是一种“机会主义”路线。

 “左”倾机会主义，或者急于求成，夸大革命主观力量，轻视敌人力量和客观困难，在革命和建设中采取盲动的冒险的行动;或者在革命组织内部混淆两类不同性质的矛盾，采取残酷斗争、无情打击的政策;或者在同盟军问题上实行关门主义，打倒一切。

右倾机会主义就是把希望寄托在别人身上，自己想躺赢;左倾机会主义就是不顾客观现实，觉得我就是龙傲天主角，想干就能干赢。从更高的层面来说，机会主义是唯心主义的一种，它脱离了客观现实，不尊重客观规律，也自然不会有唯物主义的生命力、战斗力。机会主义不是真正的“正道”。

什么不是机会主义呢？譬如现在鲜为人知的“四三计划”。是在中苏交恶后，为了让我们跟上世界技术进步的节奏，用我国宝贵的外汇，从美国、联邦德国、法国、日本、荷兰、瑞士、意大利等西方国家大规模引进成套技术设备的计划。四三方案先后兴建了26个大型工业项目，总投资约200亿元人民币，老版人教历史课本评价四三方案意义时用了这样一句话：“成为1980年代中国经济发展的重要基础”。　　

　　到后来贯彻“造不如买，买不如租”的路线后，四三方案“五五开”(一定要买到核心技术)的思想自然就被搁置了。毛泽东主席也批评过“造不如买，买不如租”的方针。毛主席说：“造船再贵，货币并没有外流，无非是钱从左衣袋装进了右衣袋，肉烂在了锅里。买船再便宜，得付外国人钱，货币外流了，算总帐就亏了”。

　 在一定的环境下“造不如买，买不如租”是有合理性的，咱先把这事办成了再说。但是正如上文所说，这是一个机会主义的问题，有机会的时候它就成了，没机会的时候它就出事了。

　  像毛主席这一辈老革命们，他们的境界就比较高，他们不贷未来的钱，反而勒紧裤腰带给儿孙存款。比如原子弹，省吃俭用也要造出来。

当时中央有人说现在国家不富裕，原子弹就不要搞了。陈毅元帅明确反对，说当了裤子也要造出原子弹;林三虎说用柴火烧也要把原子弹烧响；周总理、聂荣臻、叶剑英等老帅也都力主造出原子弹。最后毛主席一锤定音，我们自主研发出了原子弹和氢弹，从此几亿中华儿女不再生活在大国的核阴影、核讹诈之下。点击查看《毛选第五卷》为什么现在买不到了？

　　毛主席他们那一代老革命，太伟大了，思想境界真的不一样，他们是这一辈能解决的，就一定会解决;这一辈很难解决的，也勒紧裤腰带拼了命的解决。绝不贷后代的一点款，甚至还要存下不少资产来，让我们在至今都能受益不尽。

看看解体后的苏联，曾经的科学技术大国，现在只能靠卖资源过活，经济萧条、仰人鼻息。正所谓：秦人不暇自哀，而后人哀之;后人哀之而不鉴之，亦使后人而复哀后人也。