China's Diplomatic Wisdom to "Unite" Small Countries（2）中国“团结”小国的外交智慧

Laos

One: Dam failure of hydropower station

On July 23, 2018, at around 8:00 p.m., a serious dam failure occurred at the Sanbien Sannanne Hydropower Station in Attapeu Province, southern Laos.

Five billion cubic meters of water "equivalent to more than two million Olympic-sized swimming pools" flooded seven villages, leaving hundreds missing, many dead and 6,600 displaced.

The hydropower station is the first project in Laos mainly constructed by South Korean companies (SK Construction Company and Korea Western Electric Power Company), with a total installed capacity of 410,000 kilowatts. Construction began in 2013, with a total investment of 1.02 billion US dollars.

Situation after the dam failure

On March 20, 2019, an independent investigation team composed of three international experts concluded that:

The dam failure cannot be considered to be caused by force majeure, but related to the foundation of the auxiliary dam. If adequate measures were taken, the accident could have been prevented.

However, the South Korean company attributed the cause of the accident to "heavy rain" and blamed the problems of the victims on "ineffective evacuation in Laos".

After the accident, South Korea's SK company's stock price plummeted.

Why did Laos choose a South Korean company that has no advantages in the hydropower construction industry?

As South Korea covets China's dominance in large-scale infrastructure projects in Southeast Asian countries, South Korean companies have begun to shift their market targets from the Middle East and North America to Southeast Asia.

At the time of bidding, companies from China, Japan, and South Korea all participated, but the South Korean company offered the lowest price. This is the consistent style of South Korea. Back then, South Korean shipbuilding companies were building factories while snatching ship orders from all over the world at low prices.

Laos has a poor economy. Although it recognizes the construction quality of Chinese and Japanese companies, it can only choose Korean companies because of its limited cash.

Situation before the dam collapse

In order to save money, the South Korean company modified the original design without authorization, lowered the dam height by 6.5 meters, replaced building materials, and saved 19 million US dollars.

In order to deliver the hydropower station in 2018 according to the agreement, the South Korean company braved the heavy rain to "rush to progress" construction.

On the evening of July 22, the Korean company discovered that the dam was damaged and immediately evacuated all 53 Korean personnel without notifying the local administrator.

Two days after the accident, South Korea decided to send a rescue team. Three days later, the 7-person advance team set off, and six days later, the rescue team arrived at the scene.

And how did China do it?

On July 23, the Chinese embassy in Laos immediately requested local Chinese-funded enterprises to provide assistance to the disaster area.

On July 24, the project departments of China Power Construction Corporation near the disaster area immediately sent people to the disaster area to set up rescue points and distribute relief materials.

On July 25, the PLA medical team, which was participating in the "Peace Train-2018" joint exercise in Vientiane, Laos, quickly dispatched 32 people to the disaster area.

Employees of the China Railway Company, which undertook the construction of the China-Laos Railway, also rushed from northern Laos to the south for disaster relief.

On the afternoon of July 30, the relief supplies from China arrived in Laos by special plane.

 …

The dam failure ruined the reputation of Korean companies, and Southeast Asian countries put Korean companies on the negative list.

Contrary to Korean companies, the Nam Ou 7-stage hydropower station built by Chinese companies in Laos has achieved great success.

In 2007, PowerChina won China's first overseas hydropower project in the whole river basin:

The Nam Ou River project in Laos has a total installed capacity of 1.272 million kilowatts, accounting for 39% of the total installed capacity of electricity in Laos. The total investment of the project is about 2.7 billion US dollars, and the franchise operation lasts for 29 years.

The three power stations in the first phase of the Nanoujiang Water Conservancy Project have a total installed capacity of 540,000 kilowatts and have been put into commercial operation in 2016.

The remaining four power stations will be completed in 2020, and will guarantee 12% of Laos' electricity supply after completion.

The Nam Ou Hydropower Station is known as the "Seven Pearls" of the "Southeast Asia Battery" project in Laos.

Laos Nam Ou River Water Conservancy Project

Why is Laos keen on developing hydropower stations?

Laos is in the upper reaches of the Mekong River. The total length of the Mekong River is 4,900 kilometers, and the territory of Laos (including the boundary river) is 1,900 kilometers.

Coupled with the large drop in water flow, hydropower stations are naturally the best choice.

In 2017, Laos had 46 operational hydropower stations and 54 hydropower stations under construction.

By the end of 2020, 54 new transmission lines and 16 substations in Laos will be completed.

Among the developed hydropower stations in Laos, 70%-80% are invested and constructed by China.

Laos exports 70 percent of its hydropower generation to Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, accounting for about 30 percent of Laos' total exports.

Laos, with a population of only 6.8 million, had an import and export volume of US$11.2 billion in 2018, a year-on-year increase of 16%, exports of US$5.4 billion, a year-on-year increase of 10.9%, and imports of US$5.8 billion, a year-on-year increase of 21%.

China has sincerely helped Laos develop its economy, and Laos has reciprocated.

On April 25, 2019, China, Laos, and Thailand signed a memorandum of cooperation to build a new railway bridge near the Thai-Laos Friendship Bridge, laying meter-gauge and standard tracks at the same time, connecting Nong Khai, Thailand-Vientiane, Laos, and docking the existing China-Laos Railway , the project scale is 6 billion US dollars.

Part 2: China-Laos Railway

In April 2010, the Lao National Assembly approved the China-Laos Railway Project.

In November 2015, China and Laos signed the "Agreement on Cooperative Development of Railway Infrastructure and China-Laos Railway Project".

On December 25, 2016, the construction of the China-Laos Railway started.

The total investment of the China-Laos Railway is 7 billion US dollars, and the two countries jointly contribute 40%. Among them, China will contribute 70%, Laos will contribute 30%, and the remaining 60% will be jointly invested by Chinese and Lao enterprises.

Laos invested 840 million US dollars, accounting for 5.3% of the 2016 GDP of 15.8 billion US dollars. For a railway, Laos can be described as "the power of the whole country".

Why does Laos attach so much importance to the China-Laos Railway?

In 2008, Thailand helped Laos build the first railway, from Nong Khai, Thailand to Thanaleng on the outskirts of Vientiane, Laos, and the train journey takes 15 minutes.

The 3.5 kilometers of railway in Laos is also the total mileage of the railway in Laos.

A total of 146 countries in the world have railways, and Laos ranks fourth from the bottom.

On September 18, 2015, the Deputy Prime Minister of Laos stated at the ASEAN Expo:

Laos will change from a "land-locked country" to a "land-linked country".

The China-Laos Railway will change the blockade situation in which Laos is besieged by neighboring countries. One can imagine the urgency of Laos!

Why did the China-Laos Railway take 6 years from approval to construction?

The China-Laos railway project has twists and turns.

First, the railway standard dispute

Due to historical reasons, most of the railway standards in Southeast Asian countries adopt the meter gauge system, which is commonly referred to as narrow gauge. The railway that Thailand helped Laos build is a meter-gauge railway.

The standard track used by Chinese railways.

After negotiations, Laos agreed to adopt the standard track.

This is very important. It not only involves the issue of docking with the railways in China without changing the track, but also means that the future railway locomotives and carriages and other related heavy equipment will come from China.

Therefore, the China-Laos Railway is the second railway complete equipment construction project that fully adopts Chinese standards, Chinese technology and Chinese equipment overseas after the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway in Indonesia.

Second, the railway speed dispute

The China-Laos Railway is a single-track, mixed use of passenger and freight, and was originally designed to run at a speed of 200 kilometers per hour.

However, Laos is mostly mountainous. China proposes to reduce the speed of passenger transport to 160 kilometers and 120 kilometers for freight.

Laos disagrees and hopes to achieve a high standard in one step.

In the end, Laos agreed with China.

Therefore, the China-Laos Railway is not a high-speed rail, but an EMU equivalent to China.

Third, during the US-Vietnam War, the United States bombed the "Ho Chi Minh Trail" in Laos and Cambodia, leaving nearly 100 million cluster bombs in Laos that did not explode.

On July 11, 2012, during her visit to Laos, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that since 1997, the US had provided Laos with US$47 million to clear up bombs. In 2012, the United States provided another $9 million.

China and Laos have also repeatedly discussed the removal of the bomb and its responsibilities.

From January to May 2017, six cleaning teams established in Laos basically cleared the bombs along the railway.

US bombs everywhere in Laos

Fourth, in terms of financing, Laos exported 5 million tons of potassium salt, timber and other agricultural products to China as collateral, and the Export-Import Bank of China provided low-interest loans.

 …

The China-Laos Railway runs from Mohan, Yunnan to Vientiane, the capital of Laos, with a total length of about 427 kilometers. It will be opened to traffic in December 2021.

Not only will Laos become the first country in the Indochina Peninsula to have a high-speed railway, but it will also be connected to port cities for the first time through the China-Thailand Railway.

Why doesn't Laos ask Vietnam to build a railway to connect to the sea?

Due to historical reasons, Laos has been greatly influenced by Vietnam.

In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia, and Laos supported Vietnam.

In 1979, Laos supported Vietnam in the self-defense counterattack against Vietnam.

 …

Laos and Vietnam are connected by mountains and rivers, and Vietnam has a long coastline. There are many port cities, such as Thanh Hoa, Vinh City, and Da Nang, which may become the outlet for Laos to reach the coast. However, Vietnam has not provided convenience for Laos so far.

Not only did Vietnam not build a railway connecting Laos, it did not even have a highway.

Obviously, the construction of railways and highways over mountains and mountains not only requires talents and technologies for large-scale infrastructure construction, but also means huge capital investment, but the output is not obvious.

Netizens envision Laos going to sea through Vietnam

In contrast, the oil in the South China Sea is more attractive to Vietnam, and almost no Vietnamese investment is required. Vietnam's oil industry accounts for 30 percent of its gross domestic product, relying on foreign oil exploration companies to drill for oil and gas in the South China Sea.

Vietnam, attracted by huge benefits, naturally has no time to take care of Laos.

Interesting Laos can only go north to seek help from China.

In 2009, China and Laos formed a "comprehensive strategic partnership". The two sides have reached consensus and tacit understanding in many fields, especially on the South China Sea issue.

In 2012, the Philippines insisted on including the Huangyan Island dispute in the joint communiqué. Due to objections from Cambodia, Laos and other countries, the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting failed to issue a joint communiqué for the first time.

In January 2016, Laos served as the rotating chairman of ASEAN.

On July 12, the International Arbitration Court in The Hague made a "final ruling" on the South China Sea arbitration case, ruling that the Philippines "won the case".

On July 24, the ten ASEAN foreign ministers' meeting was held in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Both the Philippines and Vietnam hoped that the South China Sea arbitration case would be mentioned in the communiqué of the meeting.

Because "Cambodia prevented any reference to the South China Sea arbitration results in the statement", Laos, the rotating presidency, announced that ASEAN failed to reach a joint statement on the South China Sea arbitration results. This is the second time that the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting did not issue a joint communiqué.

Laos' statement on the South China Sea issue has been highly praised and supported by China.

At the end of 2015, Laos' first communication satellite was successfully launched by China, and Laotians watched Chinese satellite TV programs through satellites for the first time.

As of the end of 2017, China has invested in about 800 projects in Laos, with an investment amount of 70 billion yuan. It is the largest investor and trading country in Laos.

On April 30, 2019, China and Laos released the Action Plan of the Communist Party of China and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party to Build a China-Laos Community of Shared Future.

Kazakhstan

One: The settlement of the border issue between China and Kazakhstan

Due to historical reasons, China and the Soviet Union share more than 20 disputed areas on the western border of China, covering an area of more than 30,000 square kilometers.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the border issue became a dispute between China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

From 1992 to 1994, the border issues between China and these three countries were basically resolved.

Kazakhstan returned a total of 10 pieces of territory to China, about 1,100 square kilometers.

Why are border talks going so fast this time?

Objectively speaking, the attitudes of China and these three countries are more pragmatic.

All three countries became independent in 1991. Without the support of the Soviet Union, the mentality has changed.

For China, the disputed areas at that time were all within the actual control line of the other party. Only through negotiations, some disputed territories were returned to China, which also reflects China's transformation from idealism in the past to realism.

The second: move the capital

In December 1991, Kazakhstan became independent and Nazarbayev was elected as its first president.

Before independence, Nazarbayev was already the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan and the president of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

At the voting meeting that decided the disintegration of the Soviet Union, among the fifteen republics, the only one who voted against was Nazarbayev.

One reason Nazarbayev objected was Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

This famous space center once launched the world's first man-made earth satellite and the first manned spacecraft. It has launched a total of more than 1,500 spacecraft and about 100 intercontinental ballistic missiles. The number of launches is among the best.

Location of Baikonur Cosmodrome

After the vote, Nazarbayev went to Moscow several times to meet with Gorbachev and Yeltsin, expressing his reluctance to leave the Soviet Union.

After many failed efforts, in desperation, Kazakhstan was the last to declare independence.

On December 10, 1997, Nazarbayev announced that Astana (formerly known as Akmola) officially became the new capital of Kazakhstan, replacing Almaty, which is a thousand kilometers away.

Such a feat is similar to that of Emperor Zhu Di of China's Ming Dynasty when he moved his capital from Nanjing to Beijing, a thousand kilometers away.

Astana was a small city with a population of only a few hundred thousand at that time, and the lowest temperature in winter could reach minus 40°C (second only to Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia). The location of the detention camp.

Almaty is not only the birthplace of Nazarbayev, but also the capital of Kazakhstan since 1929, known as the city of apples.

Why did Nazarbayev move the capital?

On the one hand, it is geographical factors. Almaty is located in the southeast corner of Kazakhstan, more than 200 kilometers away from China in the east and 30 kilometers away from Kyrgyzstan in the south, so its radiation capacity is limited.

On the other hand, and the most important thing, is to strengthen the control of the Russian-inhabited areas in the north.

In more than a hundred years, Kazakhstan has experienced four Russian immigration activities, resulting in changes in the ethnic structure of northern Kazakhstan.

In 1939, there were 2.46 million Russians in Kazakhstan, accounting for 40%, and 2.33 million Kazakhs, accounting for 37.8%. The Russians surpassed the Kazakhs and became the largest ethnic group in Kazakhstan.

It was not until 1989 that the Kazakhs became the largest ethnic group in Kazakhstan again: 6.54 million Kazakhs, accounting for 39.7%, and 6.22 million Russians, accounting for 37.8%.

Kazakhstan moves its capital

After independence, Nazarbayev began to prepare for moving the capital.

In 1992, Kazakhstan issued the "Immigration Law" to encourage the return of Kazakhs from all over the world.

At the same time, more births are encouraged, the recruitment of civil servants is inclined to the Kazakhs, and the Kazakh language is promoted in the west and south.

In 1997, the Kazakh population exceeded half for the first time, reaching 50.6%.

Even so, in North Kazakhstan, Kazakhs (29.6%) were still lower than Russians (49.8%) in 1999.

Nazarbayev's insistence on moving the capital can be described as far-sighted.

On March 20, 2019, Kazakhstan renamed the capital "Astana" to "Nur-Sultan" to commemorate Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, who resigned from the presidency that day.

Today, the capital of Kazakhstan has developed into a modern city with a population of over one million.

Three: Irtysh River and Ili River

The Irtysh River and the Ili River are the two largest cross-border rivers between China and Kazakhstan.

irtysh river

The Irtysh River originates from the Altai Mountains in China and has a total length of 4,280 kilometers, of which 618 kilometers are in China.

In 1997, China started construction of Project 635, which is the only north-to-south water diversion project in China, including 890 kilometers of channels, five reservoirs, and three power stations. 635 represents the altitude of the reservoir.

"Yin'erzike" is the first phase of the project. It is a water delivery channel with a length of 324 kilometers and a width of 22 meters. It brings the water of the Irtysh River into Karamay. finished.

"Introduction to Urumqi" is the second phase of the project, diverting water from the Irtysh River to Urumqi.

"Incik" project

Kazakhstan expresses concern about Chinese development:

The Irtysh River is nearly 1,700 kilometers in Kazakhstan, affecting the lives of 2.5 million people, accounting for 13.5% of the total population of Kazakhstan.

In 2001, China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement to share rivers, but since China has not joined the United Nations Convention on the Protection of Cross-Border Waters, "how this agreement is implemented basically depends on China."

Yili River

The Ili River originates from the Tianshan Mountains in China and flows westward into Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan. The water of the Ili River accounts for about 80% of the inflow of Lake Balkhash.

According to the suggestion of Chinese water conservancy experts, diverting water from the Yili River to the Zhungeer Basin can better transform the Gurbantunggut Desert.

The Gurbantunggut Desert is the second largest desert in China and also the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China.

"If about 15 billion cubic meters of water can be diverted every year, the Gurbantunggut Desert can be transformed into at least 40,000 square kilometers of fertile land."

In fact, since 1959, China has pushed green vegetation to the hinterland of the Gurbantunggut Desert by 15 kilometers, and the forest coverage rate has increased from 23% to 43.2%.

Ili River and Lake Balkhash

In 2007, Kazakhstan proposed to China: "Exchange a 10-year grain supply for part of the flow of Ili River water into Lake Balkhash."

Although China did not give a clear answer to this suggestion, in practice, China and Kazakhstan have maintained good interactions.

On June 30, 2014, at the request of Kazakhstan, China increased the discharge of Jilintai Reservoir and Kafuqihai Reservoir in the Ili River Basin for 10 days, alleviating the drought in Kazakhstan.

Four: China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline

The China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline runs from Atyrau on the Caspian Sea of Kazakhstan in the west to Alashankou in Xinjiang, China in the east, with a total length of 3,088 kilometers, including 2,818 kilometers in Kazakhstan and 270 kilometers in China.

The preliminary project of the pipeline, Atyrau-Kenkiyak, has a total length of 448.8 kilometers and was completed at the end of 2003.

The first phase of the pipeline project, Atasu-Alashan, started in September 2004 with a total length of 962.2 kilometers and was completed in December 2005.

On July 11, 2006, Kazakh crude oil officially entered China.

Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline

The second phase of the pipeline project, Kenkiyak-Atasu, was completed and put into production in July 2009, and the China-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline was fully connected.

The China-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline is designed to transport 20 million tons of oil per year, which can be increased to 50 million tons according to demand. It is the first pipeline invested and constructed by China in Central Asia, and is known as "the first pipeline on the Silk Road".

Competition between China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline and Badger Oil Pipeline

In the mid-1990s, China's demand for oil began to increase significantly, and the China-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline project and the China-Russia crude oil pipeline project were put on the agenda at the same time.

From 1997 to 1999, China and Kazakhstan completed the feasibility analysis report.

However, the plan was temporarily frozen.

On the one hand, due to China's limited economic conditions at that time, it was unable to afford the construction costs.

On the other hand, Kazakhstan's oil reserves have not yet been proven, and China is worried that Kazakhstan's oil supply will be insufficient.

As Kazakhstan's domestic oil production continued to grow, on October 3, 2001, China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement to lay a pipeline from Kenkiyak to Atyrau.

On May 23, 2002, the pipeline broke ground and was completed by the end of 2003.

Three months later, in August 2002, construction also began on the U.S.-backed Baj Oil Pipeline (BTC), which runs from Baku, Azerbaijan, to Ceyhan, Turkey, via Tbilisi, Georgia.

The Caspian Sea is known as the "Second Persian Gulf." The construction of the Badjah pipeline means that the United States is squeezing Russia's position as an "export valve" in the Caspian Sea oil region while containing Iran.

At the same time, the United States also persuaded international institutions such as the World Bank not to grant loans to the China-Kazakhstan pipeline project.

Badger (Caspian Sea) Oil Pipeline

However, the China-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline is progressing rapidly.

On July 11, 2006, Kazakhstan oil officially entered China.

At the same time, the Badger Pipeline, known as the "Peace Pipeline" by Western countries, has also started operation, with a designed transportation capacity of 50 million tons per year.

However, since there are no large oil fields in Azerbaijan, the Baja pipeline has not been operating at full capacity since its completion, and the utilization rate has not exceeded 60%.

Therefore, the United States exerted pressure through various channels to allow Kazakhstan to supply 20 million tons of oil to the Badger pipeline every year.

Under the pressure of the United States, Kazakhstan ostensibly agreed to the request of the United States. But in fact, Kazakhstan only transports about 2 million tons of oil per year across the Caspian Sea to the Badger pipeline by merchant ships.

The United States was very dissatisfied and continued to put pressure on Kazakhstan.

In desperation, in October 2009, Kazakhstan announced that it would establish a joint venture with Azerbaijan to build the Caspian Sea submarine oil pipeline.

But this plan was strongly opposed by Russia on the grounds that "it will damage the environment of the Caspian Sea."

Therefore, the Caspian Sea oil export pipeline has not yet been settled.

In July 2009, the 3,000-kilometer China-Kazakhstan oil pipeline was fully connected.

Kazakhstan also obtains considerable economic income by allowing Russia to export 30 million tons of oil to China every year through the China-Kazakhstan pipeline.

 …

Why does Kazakhstan favor Russia and China without offending the United States?

I have to say that Nazarbayev is a master.

On the one hand, he is the "founder" of the "CICA".

In October 1992, at the 47th United Nations Congress, Nazarbayev proposed for the first time to establish an Asia-wide regional security cooperation organization: "Asian Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures Conference" (CICA).

In September 1999, the first foreign ministerial meeting of the CICA was held in Almaty.

On June 4, 2002, the first summit of the "CICA" was successfully held in Almaty.

As of January 2019, CICA has 27 member states and 13 observers. Kazakhstan, Turkey, and China successively served as the presidency of CICA. In 2018, Tajikistan served as the rotating presidency of CICA.

On the one hand, the "color revolutions" in Georgia and Ukraine made Nazarbayev very vigilant.

Sure enough, in 2005, the pro-American faction in Kyrgyzstan was brought to power, and the ousted first president of Kyrgyzstan, Akayev and Nazarbayev, were still in-laws. Five years later, the pro-Russian faction came to power. In 2019, the pro-Russian president was arrested again...

(There are too many stories in Kyrgyzstan, and future articles will introduce them in detail.)

Nazarbayev, who has personally experienced the disintegration of the Soviet Union, has a deep-rooted pain for the security and stability of the country and the region, so he handles the relationship between Russia, China, and the United States with ease.

Fifth: China-Kazakhstan Natural Gas Pipeline

The China-Kazakhstan natural gas pipeline is actually a part of the Central Asia natural pipeline. When it was first designed, the gas sources mainly came from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, because the natural gas reserves of these two countries are much larger than Kazakhstan.

Therefore, the A/B/C/D lines of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline all start in Turkmenistan.

Later, with the help of China, Kazakhstan also discovered more natural gas reserves. Kazakhstan, which mainly relies on transit income, has benefited a lot.

The Central Asia Gas Pipeline runs 188 kilometers in Turkmenistan, 530 kilometers in Uzbekistan and 1,300 kilometers in Kazakhstan. Together with the approximately 9,000 kilometers of west-to-east gas transmission in China, it constitutes the longest natural gas pipeline in the world.

On July 9, 2008, the construction of the Kazakhstan section started, and the first phase of the project was completed in July 2009.

On December 14, 2009, the A-line pipeline was fully ventilated, connecting the second phase of the "West-to-East Gas Pipeline" through Horgos, China.

In September 2012, the construction of Line C started, and Line C was laid in parallel with Lines A and B, with a designed gas transmission capacity of 25 billion cubic meters per year.

On May 31, 2014, Line C was officially put into operation, connecting with the third line of the West-East Gas Pipeline.

So far, the Central Asia natural gas pipeline has a total transmission capacity of 55 billion cubic meters per year, which can meet 23% of China's natural gas consumption demand.

As of December 31, 2019, the third line of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline has delivered a total of 294.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas to China.

Why is the transmission capacity of Line C greatly improved?

The A/B line of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline has a total annual transmission capacity of 30 billion cubic meters, while the C line has a single line of 25 billion cubic meters per year, and the transmission capacity has been greatly improved.

The A/B line uses X70 steel pipe with a diameter of 1067mm.

Line C uses high-grade X80 grade steel pipe with a diameter of 1219 mm.

And this X80 steel pipe is all made in China.

The joint development units of X80 steel plate include Taiyuan Iron and Steel, Baosteel, Wuhan Iron and Steel, Maanshan Iron and Steel, Anshan Iron and Steel, Shougang, and Shagang. The development units of welding wire, flux and welding process are Baoji Steel Pipe Plant and other units.

On January 13, 2008, the first batch of 630 tons of X80 steel pipes was transported from Baoji Steel Pipe Company to the Xinjiang West Second Line construction site.

Natural gas pipeline construction drawing

The second pipeline of the West-East Gas Pipeline has a total length of 9,102 kilometers, of which the main line is 4,843 kilometers long. The main line is all made of domestic X80 steel pipes, with a total of 2.78 million tons, which is equivalent to 3.4 times the amount of steel used by the Three Gorges Project, and is the sum of the global X80 steel consumption in 20 years. , China has become the world's largest construction country of X80 natural gas pipeline.

The rapid formation of a huge annual production capacity of 1.5 million tons of X80 steel in Chinese steel mills has made the price of domestic X80 steel plates and steel pipes 30% lower than that of foreign products, greatly reducing the total investment.

In pipeline construction investment, steel pipes account for roughly 30-40% of the total investment. For every increase in steel grade, the construction cost of pipelines will be reduced by about 7% to 8%.

Why doesn't line D go through Kazakhstan?

Before 2008, Turkmenistan had fewer proven natural gas reserves than the United States. Later, Turkmenistan discovered a huge natural gas field, with reserves twice as high as that of the United States, ranking fourth in the world.

Therefore, on the basis of the original A/B/C line, the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline has added a D line.

Line D has a total length of 1,000 kilometers, of which the overseas section is 840 kilometers, with a designed annual output of 30 billion cubic meters. The gas source is Fuxing Gas Field in Turkmenistan, and finally enters from Wuqia County in southern Xinjiang.

The pipeline does not pass through Kazakhstan.

Natural gas pipeline after laying

First of all, the D line is hundreds of kilometers shorter than the line passing through Kazakhstan, which can save costs.

Secondly, the D line passes through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan for the first time. These two countries are also China's neighbors. It directly benefits them and is good for China's diplomacy.

Most importantly, from the perspective of investment security, you cannot put all your eggs in the same basket.

Will the China-Kazakhstan oil and gas pipeline affect other investments in Kazakhstan?

In February 2018, Tianjin Bohai Chemical Group signed an agreement with Kazakhstan to build a comprehensive petrochemical base in the Aktoyubinsk region of Kazakhstan, with an investment of about 26.7 billion yuan.

After the first phase is completed, natural gas can be used as raw material to produce methanol. The second phase will build an ethylene plant with an annual capacity of 300,000 tons, and two other polyethylene and polypropylene plants with an annual capacity of 300,000 tons each.

Kazakhstan expects that after the project is completed in 2021, it will provide 3,000 new jobs.

In fact, this large-scale project in Kazakhstan has been announced to the public for a long time. Except for China and South Korea, no other foreign investors have participated.

At the beginning of 2016, after evaluation, South Korea's LG Chem canceled its plan to invest in the construction of a PE base with an annual output of 800,000 tons in Kazakhstan, and will transfer to "more promising" areas.

As of the first half of 2018, China's total investment in Kazakhstan reached US$15.6 billion, an increase of 5.4% over the same period of the previous year.

From 2005 to 2019, the total amount of Chinese investment and joint projects in Kazakhstan enterprises reached 35 billion U.S. dollars, covering electric power, chemical industry, transportation, metal processing and mining, construction, agriculture, finance, and public utilities.

Under such circumstances, especially in the petrochemical field, South Korea's LG's exit choice is wise.

Kyrgyzstan

One: "Tulip Revolution"

On October 12, 1991, Akayev became the first president of Kyrgyzstan after independence.

In March 2005, following Georgia's "Rose Revolution" and Ukraine's "Orange Revolution", the "Tulip Revolution" broke out in Kyrgyzstan.

On March 24, Akayev quietly fled to Russia.

Kyrgyzstan's "Tulip Revolution"

On August 14, 2005, with the support of the United States, Bakiyev became the second president.

On April 7, 2010, the Bakiyev regime was overthrown. The next day, Bakiyev left the capital and fled abroad.

On June 10, 2010, riots broke out in the Osh region in southern Kyrgyzstan. From the 14th to the evening of the 16th, the Chinese government sent 9 chartered planes to evacuate 1,300 Chinese citizens from Osh Airport to Urumqi (one of them passed through Kyrgyzstan). the capital to fly).

On December 1, 2011, with the support of Russia, Atambayev became the third president.

On November 24, 2017, Atambayev's "close ally" Jeenbekov became the fourth president.

On August 8, 2019, Atambayev was arrested.

The yellow winter jasmine is the city flower of the capital of Kyrgyzstan, and the "Tulip Revolution" is also called the "Yellow Revolution".

Why did the "color revolution" not succeed in Kazakhstan?

In 2005, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan faced similar situations.

In the face of the menacing opposition, President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan became more tough and took multiple actions:

1. The introduction of a new election law prohibits demonstrations during the election period.

2. Promulgate the "Anti-Extremism Law" and "Non-Governmental Organization Law", closely monitor domestic and foreign non-governmental organizations, and arrest 3 Ukrainian observers.

3. Issue the "Information and Communication Network Behavior (Amendment)", cut off the network connection with foreign countries, and rectify illegal information on the domestic network.

4. Expose the riots after the "color revolution" in other countries through the media.

Is Nazarbayev's approach familiar?

Not only that, but the scheming Nazarbayev unexpectedly announced that he would change the campaign logo to yellow.

Overnight, the entire country of Kazakhstan became golden, and the "yellow revolution" of the opposition had to die down.

Nazarbayev changes campaign logo to yellow

Some people say that Nazarbayev could have become one of the successors of the Soviet Union. With his ability, it is more than enough to govern a Kazakhstan with a population of only 18 million.

The same is true.

Nazarbayev served as president of Kazakhstan for 28 years after independence. Kazakhstan is a stable country with the strongest economic strength, and its per capita GDP is comparable to that of China.

For Kyrgyzstan, Nazarbayev hates iron but not steel.

In 1998, the son of Kyrgyz President Akayev married the 18-year-old daughter of Nazarbayev.

It was originally a marriage of pro-pro and pro-pro, but it only lasted three years.

In August 2001, the two quietly divorced.

In 2005, after Akayev fled to Russia, Nazarbayev commented:

"(Akayev) is too weak".

On September 21, 2017, after inspecting Almaty, Nazarbayev commented:

"The total GDP of Almaty (a city) is more than five times higher than that of Kyrgyzstan (a country)."

Contempt is evident in words.

Two: US and Russian military bases

In 2001, after the September 11 incident, the United States rented the only international airport in Kyrgyzstan, Manas Airport, and converted it into a military base on the grounds of fighting terrorists in Afghanistan.

In December 2001, the base was officially opened.

During the war on terrorism, this was the largest military base of the US military in Central Asia, with 1,500 troops stationed there.

Manas Airport is 30 kilometers northwest of Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, and about 400 kilometers away from China.

It is obvious that the United States not only has its hands in the Central Asian region behind Russia's strategic rear, but also monitors China.

American military base in Manas

Russia responded quickly.

On October 23, 2003, Russia reactivated the Kanter air base in Kyrgyzstan. The base is located 20 kilometers east of the capital Bishkek.

The military bases of the United States and Russia are less than 50 kilometers apart.

This base was the flight training center of the former Soviet Union in Central Asia. It was idled after being taken over by Kyrgyzstan in 1992.

The base can accommodate 5 Su-27 fighter jets, 5 Su-25 fighter-bombers and helicopters, with 500 troops stationed.

Kyrgyzstan will provide Russia with the right to use the base for 15 years, which can be renewed.

In 2009, under pressure from neighboring countries, the U.S. Air Force Base was renamed the "International Transit Center".

At the end of 2011, after the pro-Russian President Atambayev came to power, he directly rejected the contract renewal request of the US air force base.

On June 3, 2014, the United States' most important military base in Manas in Central Asia was officially closed.

One and a half months before the closure of the US military base, on April 22, 2014, Kyrgyzstan passed the feasibility study report on the Kyrgyz section of the D-line of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline, becoming the first transit country to approve the D-line pipeline.

The Kyrgyz section of Line D has a total length of 215 kilometers. After 35 years of cooperative operation between China and Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyzstan will earn an annual income of US$60 million, with a cumulative income of US$2.1 billion. Kyrgyzstan, with a population of 6.4 million, had a GDP of only US$8.1 billion in 2018.

Even more anxious than Kyrgyzstan is Tajikistan.

On September 13, 2014, the Tajikistan section of Line D of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline officially started.

Is the closure of the US military base related to China?

It matters a lot.

On April 26, 1996, the heads of state of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan held their first meeting in Shanghai, known as the "Shanghai Meeting of the Five Nations".

On June 15, 2001, the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization" was signed, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established, referred to as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The member states include the newly joined Uzbekistan, a total of 6 countries.

From the perspective of the member states, the SCO is fighting terrorism for the security and stability of the Central Asian region.

Judging from the time of its establishment, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization happened to be in the same year as the United States opened the Kyrgyz Air Force Base.

After its establishment, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has basically conducted anti-terrorism military exercises every year, and China has never lost a single game. The timing of the exercises sometimes "coincidentally" "collides" with NATO's military exercises in Central Asia.

On August 10, 2013, the "Prairie Eagle-2013" multinational peacekeeping exercise was held in Almaty, southern Kazakhstan. 1,680 soldiers from the United States, Britain, Lithuania, Switzerland, Italy and other countries participated.

On August 11, the SCO "Border Defense Joint Resolution-2013" anti-terrorism exercise was held on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan. A total of 1,075 soldiers from China and Kyrgyzstan participated.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization military exercise

Some foreign media commented that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has developed into a paramilitary organization intended to confront NATO and the United States.

But Chinese experts say that the SCO is only building a safe free trade zone in Central Asia while uniting member states to counter terrorism.

Joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, you can get economic assistance from China and Russia.

India and Pakistan became members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on June 9, 2017, after the US closed its military bases.

Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, and Mongolia are observer states of the SCO, and Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey, and Sri Lanka are dialogue partners of the SCO.

At present, the total area of the SCO member states covers three-quarters of the Eurasian continent, with a population of about 3.1 billion, accounting for 44% of the world's population, and a total GDP of more than 20 trillion US dollars, accounting for 23% of the world.

Tertiary: Enclaves of the Fergana Basin

The Fergana Basin is located at the junction of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, covering an area of about 50,000 square kilometers.

The borders of the three countries intersect each other, forming multiple enclaves.

enclave diagram

Uzbekistan has 4 enclaves in Kyrgyzstan. The largest, Soh, has 42,800 people and an area of 325 square kilometers. It is now controlled by Kyrgyzstan.

The smallest area is less than 1 square kilometer, and there are no permanent residents.

Kyrgyzstan has only one enclave in Uzbekistan: Barak village, 627 people.

Tajikistan has 2 enclaves in Kyrgyzstan: Volukh, with an area of 130 km2, and West Kailahachi, with an area of less than 1 km2

Tajikistan has 1 enclave in Uzbekistan: Sawan, 15 square kilometers.

With enclaves, it is difficult to solve the problem of ethnic groups living across borders, and conflicts are inevitable.

In recent years, dozens of border armed conflicts have occurred in the Fergana Basin.

In June 2010, Kyrgyzstan clashed with Uzbekistan, and Uzbekistan closed all seven Uzbekistan border crossings.

The Fergana Basin is called the "powder keg of Central Asia" by the outside world.

Map of the Fergana Basin

Why are there enclaves?

In a word, it has something to do with the Soviet Union.

When the five Central Asian countries became the republics of the Soviet Union, the policy of the Soviet Union was to "divide the territory and rule it".

Kazakhstan, bordering Russia, is taken care of for granted, backed by technological and industrial projects, such as the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

As for the other four countries, especially Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, they can only choose between growing cotton and providing resources, and their economies have always been weak.

The issue of enclaves existed in the Soviet Union, but at that time everyone was under the rule of the Soviet Union, which was regarded as an internal conflict.

In 1991, the five Central Asian countries became independent, and the enclave became an international issue. However, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan do not border with Russia. The border issue can only be negotiated and fought until today.

Part Four: Gold Mine

Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources, with about 2,500 tons of gold reserves, ranking second in the CIS.

In 2012, China National Gold Group acquired the largest copper mine in Kyrgyzstan: the Kuru-Tegalek Copper-Gold Mine.

In February 2013, China National Gold transferred a 16% stake in the project to CAMCE.

On January 12, 2015, China Energy Construction Group won the bid for the external power supply general contracting project of the mine.

Chinese companies have taken over almost all the projects of this mine, and even the transfer of shares is carried out between Chinese companies.

 …

From 1995 to 2017, Chinese direct investment in Kyrgyzstan was $2.4 billion.

In 2018, the bilateral trade volume between China and Kyrgyzstan exceeded US$5.6 billion.

At present, China is Kyrgyzstan's largest trading partner and largest source of investment.

On December 27, 2019, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said:

"China-Kyrgyzstan relations are at an all-time high."

Uzbekistan Chapter

One: Andijan riots

On the night of May 12, 2005, riots broke out in Andijan, Uzbekistan. Militants attacked police posts and army barracks. A large number of weapons and ammunition were seized, and the prison in Andijan was breached, and some prisoners fled.

During the daytime on May 13, a large number of people gathered and chanted the slogan "demand the resignation of the president".

On the same day, Ukrainian President Islam Karimov flew to Andijan urgently.

In the evening of the same day, the Ukrainian Information Bureau announced that the riots in Andijan had subsided.

The taciturn Karimov not only quickly quelled the riot within a day, but also returned to the capital Tashkent that night.

Compared with Kyrgyz President Akayev who quietly fled abroad on the second day of the turmoil, Karimov acted resolutely.

Karimov is more low-key than Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Andijan riots

On the 14th, Karimov issued a statement condemning the extremist forces that provoked the riots.

Although Karimov is very clear that the supporter behind the riots is the United States, he did not directly identify it.

Officials in Uzbekistan said 187 people were killed in the riots, including 10 security personnel.

Overseas media reported that troops opened fire during the riots.

Afterwards, Uzbekistan deported some foreign media personnel and rejected new entry applications.

After the riots, the United States immediately condemned Ukraine and pointed the finger at Ukrainian President Islam Karimov.

Karimov, who hadn't intended to tear his skin apart with the United States, chose to strike quickly and fight back forcefully.

Part Two: The Closing of U.S. Military Bases

In October 2001, the United States rented Khan Abad Airport in Uzbekistan under the pretext of anti-terrorism in Afghanistan and established its first military base in Central Asia.

The base is 200 kilometers away from Afghanistan. The U.S. military uses this to transfer supplies and provide maintenance for aircraft. There are as many as 1,500 troops stationed there.

In 2002, just one year after joining the SCO, Uzbekistan demanded financial compensation from the United States on the grounds that "the take-off and landing of heavy aircraft by the US military had seriously affected the ecological environment and residents' health."

Not only has the United States consistently shied away from negotiations, but it has strongly condemned Uzbekistan after witnessing the swift quelling of the riots in Andijan, which it personally orchestrated.

On July 5, 2005, the Council of Heads of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was held in Kazakhstan. The declaration at the meeting supported Uzbekistan and "asked the West to propose a timetable for withdrawing from Central Asia."

On July 29, the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs notified the US ambassador that the US military was required to withdraw from the Khan Abad military base within 180 days.

Khan Abad Military Base

In order to save face, on September 30, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution requiring the U.S. to put pressure on the UN Security Council to sue Ukrainian President Islam Karimov to the International Court of Justice and hold him accountable for the "Andijan Riot Incident."

On October 6, the U.S. Congress prohibited the Department of Defense from paying 23 million U.S. dollars for the lease of military bases to Ukraine.

U.S.-Ukraine relations deteriorated rapidly.

On November 21, the United States closed the Khan Abad Air Force Base, and most of the aircraft were transferred to Afghanistan.

Not only was the U.S. military’s withdrawal time two months earlier than Uzbekistan’s request, but the U.S. Department of Defense finally paid the lease fee to Uzbekistan.

In 2014, with the closure of the U.S. air base in Manas, Kyrgyzstan, all U.S. military forces in Central Asia were withdrawn.

So far, the U.S. strategy of encircling China and Russia through Central Asia has ended in failure.

What did China do?

Before the U.S. closed down the military base, in 2004, China provided 60 million yuan in free aid for the construction of the Sino-Kyrgyzstan-Ukraine International Road.

After the closure of the US military base, on April 30, 2007, Uzbekistan signed an agreement with China to participate in the construction of the Central Asia natural gas pipeline.

The third: the dystocia-China-Kyrgyz-Uzbekistan Railway

In 1997, China, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan signed a memorandum to build the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway.

In 2000, the Chinese side funded technical demonstration. In 2006, the Chinese section of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Wuhan Railway was included in China's 11th five-year plan. In 2008, China determined the construction plan of the "Kashgar-Turgat-Karasu-Andiyan" railway between China and Kyrgyzstan. The total length of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway is about 504 kilometers, 175.9 kilometers in China, 278.1 kilometers in Kyrgyzstan, and 50 kilometers in Uzbekistan. After completion, the China-Kyrgyz-Uzbekistan Railway will become one of the shortest routes connecting China and Europe, shortening the time by one week compared with the original Russian route, and Xinjiang will also have an additional international channel. However, today, 23 years later, the railway has never been started.

Design route of China-Jiji-Wuhan Railway

Why is there such a long delay?

The main reason is that Kyrgyzstan has changed its attitude many times:

1. The construction cost of the China-Kyrgyz-Uzbekistan Railway, from the initial US$900 million, exceeded US$6.5 billion in 2013.

2. China adheres to the standard track of 1435 mm, and Kyrgyzstan adheres to the Russian standard of 1521 mm.

3. Due to the lack of funds in Kyrgyzstan, China proposed to transfer some mineral resources through Kyrgyzstan in exchange for investment, but the domestic opposition in Kyrgyzstan disagreed.

4. Kyrgyzstan's domestic regime changes frequently. Since 2005, the president of Kyrgyzstan has changed three times.

 …

In 2018, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan stated that they would promote the construction of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway.

In August 2019, the heads of state of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan held talks and expressed that they would speed up the negotiations on the railway between the two countries.

In addition, around the China-Kyrgyz-Uzbekistan Railway, Germany once proposed to build a railway linking the south and the north of Kyrgyzstan, and a branch leading to China, with an investment of 2 billion euros loaned by European syndicates.

Not only that, Russia also expressed its willingness to invest in the extension project of the railway, using the existing facilities in the north of Kyrgyzstan to Kazakhstan and Russia.

A three-country railway in Central Asia, which is only 500 kilometers long, not only affects the interests of Europe and Russia, but also makes Uzbekistan, a double landlocked country, and Kyrgyzstan, one of the poorest countries in the world, at a loss for a while.

China-Jiujiu International Road Trial Run

Zhongjiu International Road

Unlike the railway that has not yet started construction, in 2004, the construction of the China-Jiujiu International Road started.

The road starts from Kashgar, China, passes through Osh in Kyrgyzstan, and ends in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, with a total length of 937 kilometers.

On October 30, 2017, after more than ten years of construction by China Road and Bridge and other companies, the China-Jiujiu International Road finally opened for trial operation of freight.

After the opening of the new route, the transit time has been shortened from 8 to 10 days to 2 days.

In 2018, the international road cargo transportation volume exceeded 100,000 tons.

Part Four: New Problems of Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline

The Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline has four lines A/B/C/D, all passing through Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan has natural gas reserves of 1.1 trillion cubic meters, ranking 18th in the world. At present, the A/B/C line that has been opened has a total gas supply capacity of 55 billion cubic meters per year. Uzbekistan is both a pipeline transit country and a gas supplier, with gas supply accounting for about 15%. On January 20, 2020, the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan publicly stated for the first time that Uzbekistan plans to stop exporting natural gas by 2025.

Four routes of Central Asia natural gas pipeline pass through Uzbekistan

Why did Ukraine stop exporting natural gas?

On January 4, 2012, Uzbekistan suddenly cut off gas supplies to Tajikistan.

Uzbekistan officials explained that this was done to ensure China's natural gas supply.

Six years later, in April 2018, Uzbekistan resumed its natural gas supply to Tajikistan.

In early December 2016, Uzbekistan cut off its gas supply to China for half a day without reason, and the official explanation was that its domestic gas consumption was short.

In 2019, there was a relatively large-scale outage of natural gas supply for residents in Uzbekistan.

Among Central Asian countries, Uzbekistan has the largest population with 33 million people.

In 2019, Uzbekistan's domestic demand for natural gas was 39 billion cubic meters, while Uzbekistan's annual natural gas production was about 61 billion cubic meters, and its natural gas export volume reached 15 billion cubic meters.

Although there is a gap in Uzbekistan's natural gas supply, this is not the real reason for stopping exports.

What Uzbekistan really wants to do is to build a domestic natural gas chemical base and increase the added value of natural gas products.

In March 2019, Uzbekistan Oil and Gas Company and Air Products of the United States established a joint venture, planning to use MTO technology to produce low-carbon olefins from methanol synthesized from natural gas, and the product price is three times that of natural gas.

After Ukraine stops exporting in 2025, will it have any impact on China?

There is definitely an impact, but it's not a big problem.

At the beginning of December 2019, the China-Russia Eastern Natural Gas Pipeline transported 38 billion cubic meters to China every year.

After the opening of the western line of the China-Russia natural gas pipeline, it will transport 30 billion cubic meters to China every year.

After the opening of Line D of the Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline, it will transport 30 billion cubic meters to China every year.

Uzbekistan supplies only 8 billion cubic meters of gas to China every year.

At this time in 2025, Uzbekistan should have negotiated with China.

 …

2019 is the "Year of Active Investment and Social Development" in Uzbekistan.

On August 27, Uzbekistan and CITIC Group signed an agreement to establish a US$1 billion Sino-Uzbek joint investment fund.

By the end of 2019, there were 1,652 Chinese companies in Uzbekistan, an increase of 531 from 2018.

In China, China has become Uzbekistan's largest investor and trading country.

Sri Lanka

One: The demise of the Tigers

In 1983, the Sri Lankan Civil War began.

Fighting against the army is the Tamil Eelam Tigers.

Tamils only account for about 18% of the population of Sri Lanka. However, India, which is 30 kilometers away across the sea, has 62 million Tamils, while the total population of Sri Lanka is only 21 million.

Compared with India, Sri Lanka is only a small island country with an area of less than 70,000 square kilometers.

Distribution map of Tamil people

India supports the LTTE for votes and provides a lot of money to the LTTE through Tamils in India.

From 1983 to 1986, the base in southern India trained more than 2,000 members of the LTTE.

However, as the Tigers grew stronger, India began to worry about the independence of Tamil Nadu at home. Coupled with Sri Lanka turning to Pakistan for help, India's policy began to shift.

In 1987, India and Sri Lanka signed the "Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Agreement".

Subsequently, 70,000 Indian troops entered Sri Lanka to fight against the Tigers in the name of peacekeeping.

In three years, India lost more than 1,000 soldiers, but the Tigers became more and more courageous.

On May 21, 1991, the LTTE planned a suicide attack that killed former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.

In desperation, India withdrew from the Sri Lankan civil war.

Before withdrawing its troops, India intentionally released more than 1,500 members of the LTTE it had captured, which made the situation in Sri Lanka even more chaotic.

Killed LTTE leader Prabha Karan (middle)

In February 2002, under the mediation of the West, Sri Lanka and the LTTE signed a permanent ceasefire agreement in Norway.

However, the Tigers wanted to build an independent country, ignored the ceasefire treaty, and continued to provoke domestic wars.

In the middle of the night on August 12, 2005, the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister was shot and killed by the LTTE.

On August 30, the President of Sri Lanka, who was really powerless, visited China.

Since then, China has given US$1 billion in aid to Sri Lanka every year.

In July 2006, the Sri Lankan army launched a large-scale attack on the LTTE.

On May 18, 2009, the leader of the LTTE was killed, and the 26-year civil war ended.

Part 2: Chinese Weapons in Sri Lanka

In the early morning of March 20, 2003, the Chinese fishing boat "Fuyuanyu 225" was suddenly attacked by several small gunboats in the eastern waters of Sri Lanka. The boat was sunk, 8 people were rescued, and 15 people were missing.

Sri Lanka blamed the LTTE for the attack.

In 2004, Chinese weapons and equipment began to enter Sri Lanka in large quantities.

Prior to this, Sri Lanka's weapons came from various countries, which can be described as varied.

Only China's weapons are supplied to Sri Lanka in standard form.

Chinese WZ551 armored transport vehicle of the Sri Lankan Army

The army's conventional weapons include 152mm howitzers, Type 81 automatic rifles, Type 63 armored vehicles, WZ551 armored vehicles, and Type 59 tanks.

For the air force, there are K-8 primary trainer aircraft, JJ-5 intermediate trainer aircraft, J-7 fighter jets, Y-8 medium transport aircraft, and JY-11 air search radar.

In terms of the navy, there are 062 frigates and so on.

A staff member of China North Industries Corporation was sitting in the car of the reception staff in Sri Lanka, but a car behind was hit by a rocket from the Tigers...

In addition to providing weapons, China has also sent military experts to guide the Sri Lankan army strategically and tactically.

After 2006, the Sri Lankan army changed its previous mental outlook and suddenly became extremely brave. It encircled and suppressed the Tigers from sea, land, and air, especially the J-7MG fighter jets, which always controlled the air supremacy.

Not only that, Sri Lanka also disintegrated the LTTE from within and accepted the surrender of Karuna Aman, the second-in-command and supreme military leader of the LTTE.

In less than three years, the once mighty Tigers were defeated like a mountain.

On January 2, 2009, the Sri Lankan army launched a decisive battle. Five months later, the LTTE was wiped out.

Clearing the field with strong walls, covering with artillery fire, encircling points to fight for aid, all kinds of classic tactics of the People's Liberation Army are reproduced one by one...

Chinese J-7 fighter jets of the Sri Lanka Air Force

Although Western countries list the LTTE as a terrorist organization, they actually want to use the LTTE to contain Sri Lanka.

With the LTTE completely wiped out, the West is not reconciled to the failure of its own plan.

On March 22, 2012, the United Nations passed a resolution calling for accountability for human rights violations in the latter part of the civil war in Sri Lanka.

India voted in favor.

China voted against the resolution.

Sri Lanka is very grateful to China.

Afterwards, Sri Lanka purchased Type 037 submarine hunters and KS-1A medium-range air defense missiles from China.

Sri Lanka has become China's second largest purchaser of weapons in South Asia, second only to Pakistan, and is known as the "Second Liberation Army."

Part 3: Is Hambantota Port a Chinese military base?

In 2007, China Merchants Group began construction of Hambantota Port in southern Sri Lanka.

The total investment in the port is US$1.5 billion, and China has provided about US$300 million in loans.

In June 2012, the port began operations. At present, there are about 300 ships arriving at the port every day.

In July 2017, China Merchants Group acquired a 70% stake in the port for US$1.12 billion, with a lease term of 99 years.

At the same time, an industrial park of 60 square kilometers will be built near the port.

China Merchants Group proposed to build Hambantota Port into "Sri Lanka's Shekou".

Strategic Location of Hambantota Port

A year later, the same scene played out in Myanmar.

On November 8, 2018, China and Myanmar signed the Kyaukpyu Deep-water Port and Industrial Park Framework Agreement.

As one of the winning bidders, China Merchants Group proposed to Myanmar that the ultimate goal is to "surpass Singapore in 20 years."

The manager of the public relations department of China Merchants Group may be a fan of Zhang Zhaozhong, the "war neglected bureau".

On April 8, 2019, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka stated:

"Many people think that Hambantota Port is China's military base. I admit that there is indeed a military base there, but it is the base of the Sri Lankan Navy. Ships from any country can go there and we will control the operations."

India did not believe this diplomatically rhetoric answer.

The "pit" at Hambantota Airport

On November 17, 2009, CCCC started construction of Sri Lanka's second international airport: Hambantota International Airport.

In October 2012, after the airport began operations, it was changed to the name of the then president: Matra-Rajapaksa International Airport.

By the end of 2016, the airport had lost more than $110 million. Of the original 14 airlines, only one remains.

Faced with such a big "pit", Sri Lanka was helpless, thinking hard about the solution.

The opportunity finally presented itself.

The familiar China Merchants Group is here again.

In December 2017, Sri Lanka held a high-profile handover ceremony to officially transfer the management of Hambantota Port to China Merchants Group.

After China Central Television and Xinhua News Agency reported the whole event, the global media widely reprinted it.

The most vacant airport in the world - Hambantota International Airport

Just two weeks later, India made an offer to acquire a 70% stake in the airport for $205 million over 40 years.

The figure of 205 million US dollars is very interesting, which is exactly the same as the construction cost of the airport.

Obviously, this was intentionally revealed to India in advance by insiders in Sri Lanka.

The Chinese company's bidding plan was eliminated because of "too high quotation".

India finally took the initiative to jump into the "pit", which will be used as an airport for temporary storage of rice and used to track the Hambantota port 17 kilometers away.

Not only that, but the Indian Consulate was also established in Hambantota.

With the joint help of Sri Lanka and China Merchants Group, the world's most vacant airport welcomes its new owner - India.

Part Four: Chinese Submarines in Colombo Port

In 2011, China Merchants Group signed an agreement with Sri Lanka to build an international container terminal at the Port of Colombo, with the Chinese side holding 85% of the shares.

In July 2013, the container terminal started operation.

As of 2017, the connectivity ranking of the Port of Colombo has risen rapidly to 13th in the world, and the container terminal throughput exceeds one-third.

Chinese submarine docks at Colombo container terminal

After the opening of the container terminal, Chinese warships began to appear frequently in Colombo Port.

In mid-August 2014, the Chinese landing ship Changbaishan and the missile frigate Yuncheng docked at the Colombo container terminal.

From September 7 to 14, the Chinese Type 039 submarine Great Wall 329 and the rescue ship Changxing Island docked at the container terminal of Colombo Port. At that time, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was visiting Sri Lanka.

From October 31 to November 6, the Chinese submarine and the rescue ship Changxing Island again docked at the Colombo Container Terminal. It was the time when Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung was visiting India.

Foreign media commented that Chinese warships always choose a "coincidental" time to call at the Port of Colombo, which is very meaningful.

On July 19, 2016, Sri Lanka formally agreed to Chinese naval ships docking at the Port of Colombo.

On November 29, 2018, China Harbor Engineering Company undertook a new project: the reconstruction and expansion of the Jaya Container Terminal in the Port of Colombo.

The Sri Lankan frigate converted from the "Tongling"

On July 8, 2019, the frigate P625 donated by China to Sri Lanka arrived at Colombo Port.

The total number of Sri Lankan Navy is about 50,000. Among the four frigates with combat capabilities, the "Tongling" has the best overall performance.

Chinese warships and submarines are docked at the port of Colombo, and India's plan to monitor Hambantota port by purchasing an airport has failed.

Fifth: The shutdown of Colombo Port City

In 2014, China Communications Construction and the National Port Authority of Sri Lanka signed an agreement to jointly develop the Colombo Port City.

Port City is located adjacent to the Colombo International Container Terminal and adjacent to the Colombo Business Center.

On September 17, 2014, the 269-hectare land reclamation project of the port city under the charge of China Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd. started.

After reclamation, 108 hectares of land will be owned by CCCC.

On January 8, 2015, Sri Lanka held a general election. The "pro-China" President Rajapaksa lost the election, and Sirisena became the new president.

On March 5, 2015, Sri Lanka suspended 35 investment projects, 28 of which were Chinese, including the Colombo Port City project.

The total investment of the port city reclamation project is about 1.4 billion US dollars, and China Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd. claims 140 million US dollars in compensation.

On August 2, 2016, Sri Lanka and China Harbor reached an agreement to cancel 20 hectares of the Chinese party's freehold property rights, and add another 2 hectares of land as compensation, with a lease time of 99 years.

In September 2016, after Colombo Port City resumed work, four super-large dredgers from China worked day and night.

On January 16, 2019, the reclamation land was completely completed.

Colombo Port City Reclamation Project

On November 18, 2019, Gotabaya Rajapaksa took office as the new President of Sri Lanka.

The new president did not shy away from relatives, and appointed his elder brother, former President Mahinda Mahinda, as the prime minister. Another elder brother, Chamar, also served as several ministers at the same time, staged the spectacle of a "band of brothers" composed of three brothers managing a country.

In 2009, China surpassed Japan and India to become Sri Lanka's largest lender, with a loan amount of US$5 billion.

Chinese companies have participated in more than 90% of large-scale projects and more than 50% of infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka.

In 2016, China overtook India to become Sri Lanka's most important trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching US$4.56 billion.

Nepal

One: The National Boundary of Mount Everest

After the founding of New China, disputes arose with Nepal over the sovereignty of Mount Everest.

Both China and Nepal claim sovereignty over Mount Everest.

On May 29, 1953, Nepalese mountaineers climbed to the summit of Mount Everest from the south slope.

Later, in response to China's proposal to split Mount Everest in two, Nepal replied:

"I haven't climbed my own mountain, so how can I say it's yours?"

The Chinese mountaineering team climbed Mount Everest for the first time (historical video)

In 1956, the Chinese mountaineering team was established with the help of the Soviet Union.

In March 1960, a Chinese mountaineering team of more than 200 people established a base camp at the foot of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,200 meters.

On March 25, the material support personnel of the mountaineering team set off first.

On May 17, 19 mountaineering team members officially set off from the base camp.

From the base camp to 6,400 meters above sea level, then to 7,007 meters, and finally to the 8,500-meter camp, more than 50 people suffered from frostbite, and 2 accompanying scientific expedition personnel were killed.

At around 9:00 am on May 24, four commandos marched towards the summit.

At around 12 noon, we reached an altitude of 8680 meters.

According to the description of the British, this is "a place that even birds can never go beyond".

In the evening, reach an altitude of 8700 meters.

Team member Liu Lianman was exhausted and unable to move on. On the top of the snow mountain, he wrote a suicide note:

"I didn't complete the task...Here are the oxygen cylinders and sugar you left me. Use it, maybe it will help you go down the mountain earlier. Bring the news of victory to the people of the motherland. Farewell!"

On May 25, 1960, at 4:20 in the morning, Chinese mountaineering team members Wang Fuzhou, Qu Yinhua and Gongbu brought a five-star red flag and a white bust of Chairman Mao to the summit of Mount Everest.

The first time the Chinese stood on Mount Everest, they created the history of mankind's first ascent from the north slope of Mount Everest.

Fortunately, after the three climbers descended the mountain, they met up with Liu Lianman smoothly. Holding the suicide note in their hands, the four men hugged each other and wept.

(From left to right) Qu Yinhua, Gongbu, Wang Fuzhou

In the autumn of 1961, the King of Nepal visited China and reached an agreement with China on the sovereignty of Mount Everest:

The south of the peak belongs to Nepal, and the north of the peak belongs to China.

An episode about China's climbing of Mount Everest is that in May 1960, while China was climbing Mount Everest from the north slope, the Indian mountaineering team was also advancing towards Mount Everest from the south slope.

At an altitude of 8,625 meters, the weather changed suddenly and a snowstorm rolled in. The Indian mountaineering team retreated despite the difficulties.

Two: China-Nepal Highway

Due to historical reasons, Nepal is deeply influenced by India.

India not only controls the economic lifeline of Nepal, but also directly recruits troops in Nepal.

On October 20, 1962, the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack started. On November 21, it ended with a big victory for China.

China's victory allowed Nepal to see the possibility of getting rid of India's control.

highway

In July 1963, the construction of the China-Nepal Highway started.

The highway starts from Lhasa, passes through Shigatse, enters Nepal through Zhangmu Port, and ends at Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

In May 1967, the China-Nepal Highway was fully opened to traffic.

With the China-Nepal Highway connecting China, Nepal has begun to gradually get rid of India.

In 1969, Nepal made a request to India to withdraw the Indian military delegation stationed in Kathmandu, as well as the Indian army at the northern border post.

 …

In 2002, the United States began to intervene in the Nepalese civil war in the name of counter-terrorism.

China is very clear: the intention of the United States is to strengthen its intervention power on the Chinese border.

In 2003, China suddenly invested a lot of money and manpower in the reconstruction and expansion of the China-Nepal Highway, which was completed in 2006.

Subsequently, various supplies from China to Nepal continued to enter Nepal through the China-Nepal Highway.

(The wonderful games of this period are detailed later in the article.)

In October 2015, due to dissatisfaction with Nepal's adoption of a new constitution, India imposed an "informal embargo" on gasoline and diesel to Nepal.

Nepal, which was hit by an 8.1-magnitude earthquake just six months ago, has almost paralyzed its economy. The daily life of the country's 29 million people has been seriously affected.

Nepal urgently purchased 1,000 tons of gasoline from China and transported it back to China through the China-Nepal road, which relieved the urgent need.

This is the first time that Nepal has purchased gasoline from China.

With the support of India, residents of Indian descent in southern Nepal also took this opportunity to take to the streets to make trouble, causing the situation to be chaotic for a while.

If the Sino-Indian border war was the turning point for Nepal to turn to China, then India directly pushed Nepal into the arms of China in the gasoline embargo incident.

Armored vehicles aided by China on the China-Nepal road

On February 13, 2017, a large number of light wheeled armored vehicles supported by China traveled to Kathmandu, Nepal via the China-Nepal Highway.

On April 15, the joint training of the Chinese and Nepalese armies was held in Kathmandu, code-named "Everest Friendship-2017", and lasted for 10 days.

This is the first time that China and Nepal have conducted joint military training.

In September 2018, the China-Nepal "Everest Friendship-2018" special forces joint training was held in Chengdu.

In August 2019, the China-Nepal "Everest Friendship-2019" special forces joint training was held in Kathmandu.

India is naturally very clear about the purpose of the China-Nepal joint training.

The strategic significance of the China-Nepal Highway is self-evident.

Part Three: Nepal under the Administration of Three "Communist Parties"

In the late 1940s, the Communist Party of Nepal was established in India.

In the early 1960s, Sino-Soviet relations broke down, and the Communist Party of Nepal was also divided into a pro-Soviet "moderate faction" and a pro-China "radical faction".

Later, the moderates gradually declined. After the radical faction grew stronger, it split into several independent factions of the Communist Party. There are three main factions:

In 1989, the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was established.

In 1991, the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) was established.

In 1994, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was established.

In 1991, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the world communist movement fell into a low ebb, but the Communist Party of Nepal is developing and growing, which is impressive.

Not only that, in November 1994, the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist Party) took power in a religious kingdom through a peaceful parliamentary election, which attracted worldwide attention.

take turns governing

In May 2008, after Nepal abolished the monarchy and changed the state system to a federal democratic republic, the three communist factions began to take turns (jointly) govern.

Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist):

2009.05--2010.06,

2011.02--2011.08,

2015.10--2016.08,

2018.02--present.

United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist):

2011.08--2013.03.

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist):

2008.08--2009.04,

2016.08--2017.06.

Among them, on May 19, 2016, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) merged with other 10 small factions of the Communist Party of Nepal to form a new political party: the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center).

On February 19, 2018, the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center) announced their merger, and the party name was "Communist Party of Nepal".

Several factions of the Communist Party, which were independent, finally changed back to their original name: Communist Party of Nepal.

Four: Strong Prachanda

In 1994, after Prachanda founded the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), he entered the mountains of Nepal and "launched a people's war, taking the armed road of encircling the cities from the countryside."

The slogan he shouted was, "Eliminate discrimination against caste, region, religion, and women", which was supported by the people at the bottom.

The guerrilla he developed was known as the "Nepal People's Liberation Army", with 30,000 regular soldiers and 100,000 militiamen.

Nepal People's Liberation Army

In 2002, the United States designated the faction a terrorist organization and provided military and economic aid to Nepal.

On February 23, 2005, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao said:

"We are outraged that this faction has nothing to do with China and that they have appropriated the name of Mao Zedong, the great leader of the Chinese people."

After China expressed its position, in November 2005, under the introduction of the new Nepalese King Gyanendra, China became an observer state of the "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation" and began to intervene in South Asian affairs.

Around 2005, it was the heyday of the "color revolution" launched by the United States and the West.

With the support of the United States and India, seven opposition parties formed a "seven-party alliance", becoming the second anti-royal force besides the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).

The United States specially holds a training course on the "Political Leadership Development Project" for the "Seven-Party Alliance".

In April 2006, there were large-scale anti-king demonstrations in major cities and towns in Nepal.

In order to restrain the "Seven-Party Alliance", Prachanda started negotiations with the "Seven-Party Alliance" at the suggestion of China.

On November 21, 2006, Prachanda signed a peace agreement with the "Seven-Party Alliance", ending the civil war in Nepal that lasted more than ten years.

On August 15, 2008, Prachanda was elected as the first Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.

Just a week later, on August 23, Prachanda flew to Beijing to attend the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games, breaking the practice of Nepali leaders visiting India first after taking office.

On August 25, 2008, Prachanda visited the Institute of Botany in Beijing

In April 2009, Prachanda resigned as prime minister.

In early 2011, Prachanda launched an "anti-India campaign", demanding that India return "looted Nepali territory".

On August 3, 2016, Prachanda became the Prime Minister of Nepal again.

On February 19, 2018, after the merger, the "Communist Party of Nepal" became the largest political party in Nepal. Prachanda and the current Prime Minister Oli jointly served as the chairman.

It is foreseeable that Prachanda will serve as the Prime Minister of Nepal for the third time.

It is said that on Prachanda's desk, there is a bronze statue of Mao Zedong wearing a red scarf. On the walls are portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong.

Fifth: Withdrawal of the United Nations Military Monitoring Mission

In January 2007, with the support of the United States, the United Nations decided to send a military monitoring mission composed of 20 countries to Nepal.

Nepal is a neighboring country of China, and the military supervision team is stationed in Nepal, so the target is naturally aimed at China.

Regarding the stationing time of the military supervision mission in Nepal, except China insisting on half a year, the rest of the countries agreed to a one-year period.

The final result is that the first period is one year, and if there is an extension, each time is limited to half a year.

However, the subsequent developments were beyond the expectations of the United States.

The first group of members came from Japan, the United Kingdom, Croatia and other countries, with a total of 186 military observers and about 60 civilian personnel, including 5 members of the Japanese Self-Defense Force.

Before the one-year deadline, Nepal submitted the application for extension directly to the United Nations without waiting for the military supervisory mission to speak.

The plane the supervisory mission was on crashed

After the first postponement, on March 4, 2008, the Russian Mi-8 helicopter aboard the UN monitoring mission crashed into a mountain in Nepal, killing seven members of the monitoring mission and three crew members on board.

A week later, the surviving Russian mechanic committed suicide.

A second request for an extension was submitted to the United Nations a few months later.

However, when the application was approved this time, the United Nations reduced the size of the monitoring mission in order to save costs.

Then the third time, the fourth time...

On December 9, 2010, the United States, which couldn't bear it with Nepal, issued a statement through its permanent representative to the United Nations that it would stop extending the work of the United Nations Nepal Monitoring Mission.

On January 15, 2011, all members of the UN Monitoring Mission withdrew from Nepal.

The plan of the United States to intervene in China by meddling in Nepalese affairs fell through.

Sixth: Why can China live in harmony with the ruling parties?

This is related to the incident at the Myitsone Hydropower Station in Myanmar.

In 2011, China's construction of the Myitsone hydropower station in Myanmar was suspended indefinitely by the Myanmar president. The initial investment of Chinese enterprises exceeds 7.3 billion yuan, and there are 300 million yuan in financial and maintenance costs every year.

After the incident at the Myitsone Hydropower Station, China’s foreign policy began to change:

While building a good relationship with the ruling party, China also maintains normal exchanges with the opposition.

Therefore, no matter who or which party comes to power in Nepal, China can deal with it calmly.

What's more, there are three factions of the Communist Party in power in turn.

Pokhara International Airport nearing completion

With the rapid development of China-Nepal trade, the original China-Nepal road is far from meeting the requirements.

In 2014, Tibet Airlines of China and a Nepalese company jointly invested to establish Himalaya Airlines.

On April 13, 2016, the construction of Pokhara International Airport in Nepal undertaken by CAMCE officially started.

While developing aviation and airport construction, one of China's strengths - the hydropower project, has not been idle.

At the end of February 2018, Nepal returned the largest Budhagandaki hydropower project to China Gezhouba Group, with a total investment of 2.5 billion US dollars. The total GDP of Nepal in 2018 was only 28.8 billion US dollars.

It has to be said that this is a very visionary decision.

On August 28, 2019, the "Indian Three Gorges Dam" in Jharkhand, India, broke 22 hours after it was opened, causing 35 villages to be submerged.

The collapse of the 42-year-old dam, which cost 2.2 billion yuan, was blamed by India on rat holes.

The former Prime Minister of Nepal, after canceling the Budha Gandaki Hydropower Project for the first time, originally planned to hand it over to India for construction.

Nepal chooses to trust China, and China will naturally open the door to Nepal.

On September 7, 2018, China and Nepal signed an agreement allowing Nepal to use China's four seaports and three dry ports for international trade.

The four seaport cities are: Tianjin, Shenzhen, Lianyungang, and Zhanjiang.

The first dry port cities are: Lanzhou, Lhasa, and Shigatse.

The opening of 7 Chinese ports has broken India's long-term monopoly on Nepal's foreign trade and transportation.

Nepal Railway (planning) enters Nepal from Geelong Port

Of course, this is not enough.

On April 16, 2019, the diversion tunnel in Baribabe, Nepal, which is under the charge of China Overseas Engineering Corporation, was completed, with a total length of 12.2 kilometers.

The significance of this project is that it uses a double-shield tunnel boring machine to cross the Himalayas for the first time in the world, providing valuable experience for the construction of the China-Nepal railway.

From April 25th to 27th, 2019, the "Belt and Road" Summit Forum was held in Beijing. China listed the Geelong-Kathmandu China-Nepal Railway as a key project, with a total length of 170 kilometers.

After the China-Nepal railway is completed, it will become the highest railway in the world.

Afghanistan

1: Border negotiations completed in ten hours

The border negotiations between China and Afghanistan may be the shortest in the world.

In 1895, in order to avoid direct conflict, Russia and the United Kingdom signed an agreement in private, artificially dividing a long and narrow "Wakhan Corridor" on the territory of the Wahan Pamir territory of the Qing Dynasty, and allocated it to Afghanistan as a buffer zone.

At the end of 1949, after the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang, the People's Liberation Army came to the border of the Wakhan Corridor to replace the Kuomintang soldiers who were still standing firm.

On January 20, 1955, China and Afghanistan established diplomatic relations.

In 1963, China and Afghanistan began border negotiations.

At the time, China’s thinking was too idealistic:

"Both China and Afghanistan are countries that have suffered from imperialist aggression. Afghanistan is a small country that lives in peace with China. China should take care of Afghanistan as necessary."

wakhan corridor

Under such a guiding ideology, China directly recognized the "Wakhan Corridor" without too much consideration of history.

Therefore, the Sino-Arab border negotiations took only 10 hours.

On November 22, 1963, Chen Yi, then Chinese Foreign Minister, signed the Sino-Arab border treaty in Beijing.

The Sino-Arab border is very short, only 92 kilometers.

To the west of the border, the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan is about 300 kilometers long.

To the east of the border, the Wakhan Corridor in China is known as the "Congling Ancient Road", with a length of about 100 kilometers and an average width of about 3-5 kilometers.

After the border was divided, China completely closed the Sino-Arab border line, which has remained to this day.

Part Two: Chinese Mules and Donkeys Aiding Afghanistan to Fight the Soviet Union

In December 1979, the Soviet army dispatched 80,000 troops to invade Afghanistan on a large scale.

The United States, which was once deeply involved in the Vietnam War, will naturally use this opportunity to hold the Soviet Union back, hoping to turn Afghanistan into a second Vietnam.

At that time, the United States and the Soviet Union were in the Cold War period, and it was not convenient for the United States to go out in person, so it thought of China.

And 10 months ago, China had just taught Vietnam backed by the Soviet Union. China understands the intentions of the United States.

Due to the restrictions of the US-Soviet military agreement, before 1985, US weapons could not appear on the battlefield in Afghanistan.

As a result, the United States purchased a large number of Soviet-made weapons around the world, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan...

However, for the 30 million Afghans on 650,000 square kilometers, weapons are far from enough.

The United States once again thought of China.

Most of China's weapons are imitated from the Soviet Union, with low prices and sufficient production capacity.

During the Su-Afghan War, the United States purchased nearly $1 billion of Chinese weapons for Afghanistan.

However, new problems also came.

Due to the control of traffic arteries and air supremacy by the Soviet army, a large number of weapons and equipment could not be transported normally.

The United States thought of donkeys, and once planned to airlift thousands of donkeys from the United States to Afghanistan.

However, donkeys in the United States may not be suitable for Central Asia, and the transportation cost is too high.

The United States thought of China again.

convoy

So, in two years, the United States paid for it, and thousands of mules and donkeys in Northwest China became strategic materials.

After these mules and donkeys entered Pakistan, they carried all kinds of equipment and supplies and sneaked into Afghanistan late at night.

The recipients of these equipment were the Afghan "Jihad" organizations that fought against the Soviet Union, including the later al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.

The weapons provided by China include Type 56 submachine guns, anti-personnel landmines, 40mm anti-tank rocket launchers and domestically produced Hongying-5 shoulder-launched air defense missiles.

These weapons are easy to operate and easy to maintain, which is suitable for the less educated Afghan guerrillas.

Nearly 100,000 guerrillas were trained in Pakistan during the ten-year war.

In order to teach these guerrillas to use Chinese weapons, China has also sent corresponding weapons experts.

At the same time, the Chinese military adviser also imparted some tactical experience on guerrilla warfare by the way.

In this way, the Afghan Mujahideen, relying on flexible guerrilla tactics, fought the "protracted war" against the Soviet Union in the mountains for ten years.

U.S. Monitoring Stations in China

In 1984, in response to the US "Star Wars" program, the Soviet Union implemented the "7680 Project" in Tajikistan (formerly the Soviet Union) to build the "Nurek" space observatory, also known as the "Skylight".

The United States finally stood on the stage and publicly accused the Soviet Union of violating the US-Soviet "space demilitarization" agreement.

In order to deal with the Soviet Union, the United States still thought of China.

Soviet "Skylight" facility

As a result, the United States also built a monitoring station in China, not only to monitor the Soviet army in Afghanistan, but also to observe the Soviet Union's Baikonur Space Center in Kazakhstan (formerly the Soviet Union).

In 1989, due to twists and turns in Sino-US relations, the US monitoring station was withdrawn.

On February 15, 1989, Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan.

During the war, 1.3 million people were killed in Afghanistan and more than 5 million people were exiled abroad.

The Soviet Union had more than 1.5 million soldiers fighting in Afghanistan successively, with a total of more than 50,000 casualties.

Coincidentally, starting from February 1979, China's self-defense counterattack against Vietnam began. In September 1989, Vietnam, which lost the support of the Soviet Union, took the initiative to cease the war, ending the ten-year Sino-Vietnamese border war.

In 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the world was in an uproar.

There are different opinions about the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Some experts analyzed that from the perspective of external factors, China's direct participation in the border war with Vietnam and the indirect participation in the Su-Afghanistan War can also be regarded as one of the reasons.

Part Three: The Tenacious Taliban

In 1994, there were only 800 Taliban at the beginning of its establishment.

From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban established a nationwide regime in Afghanistan.

In 2001, after the "September 11" incident, the US army entered Afghanistan, and the Taliban moved into the mountains, where they started the familiar guerrilla warfare again.

Most of the main members of the Taliban grew up in the war against the Soviet Union, and after the baptism of the Afghan civil war, they have very rich war experience.

However, this time the opponent has become the United States, but the ranking of military strength has not changed. (In the 1980s, the Soviet Union was stronger militarily than the United States.)

Of course, the time has also become longer, from ten years of driving away the Soviet Union to nearly 20 years of driving away the United States.

Taliban fighter

China intervenes in Afghan counter-terrorism

In 2011, the United States began to gradually withdraw its troops from Afghanistan.

Since then, China has begun to think about the future of Afghanistan.

On June 7, 2012, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization absorbed Afghanistan as an observer state.

According to NATO's evaluation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is actually a paramilitary organization.

The reason why Afghanistan is only allowed to become an observer country instead of a formal member state is because there is an ISIS terrorist organization in Afghanistan on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is to avoid arousing the resentment of the United States and NATO.

At the end of 2014, NATO coalition forces withdrew from Afghanistan on a large scale.

Afterwards, China crossed the economic field and began to intervene in counter-terrorism in Afghanistan.

In 2016, China agreed to help Afghanistan form a "mountain brigade" in Badakhshan province to improve its anti-terrorism capabilities.

Among them, China's Shijiazhuang Army Academy is responsible for receiving Afghan military officers and systematically training them in special operations capabilities.

On July 3, 2016, the first batch of China-aided anti-terrorism weapons and equipment arrived in Afghanistan.

Proactive engagement with the Taliban in China

On July 19, 2007, the Taliban kidnapped 23 South Koreans in Afghanistan.

On July 25 and 30, two South Koreans were shot dead by the Taliban.

Unlike the Koreans who were shot and killed, the ending of the employees of Chinese companies is completely different.

On June 29, 2008, Sheng Jianhui, an employee of China Railway Construction Corporation, was kidnapped by the Taliban in Kabul, Afghanistan.

With the comprehensive rescue efforts of all walks of life in China, Sheng Jianhui was released on July 27.

The selective approach of the Taliban laid the groundwork for the subsequent contact with China.

Afghan President Ghani Receives Interview in Beijing

At the end of October 2014, Ghani, the new Afghan President who took office for one month, visited Beijing.

In November, representatives of the Taliban also came to Beijing on their own initiative and began to contact China.

The news that China met with the Afghan ruler and opposition soon spread around the world.

In fact, this is nothing new for China.

After the Myitsone Hydropower Station in Myanmar in 2011, China began to contact Aung San Suu Kyi, then the largest opposition leader in Myanmar. Four years later, her party won Myanmar's general election.

After the end of the Nepalese Civil War, the Nepalese regime changed frequently, and the three Communist Party factions took turns in power. Since various political parties in China and Nepal have maintained normal exchanges, the relationship between China and Nepal has become closer and closer.

This time, for China, it is nothing more than changing the name of a country.

The subsequent developments have once again proved China's strategic vision.

On July 18, 2016, a senior Taliban delegation visited China.

On June 20, 2019, the chief negotiator of the Taliban, Baradar, visited China.

On September 22, Baradar visited China again.

Why is China suddenly in close contact with the Taliban?

In October 2018, the United States changed its mind and began negotiations with the Taliban.

The progress of the negotiations was not smooth. During the nine rounds of negotiations, the two sides talked while fighting.

The bilateral negotiations between the United States and the Taliban did not include the Afghan ruling authorities, causing strong dissatisfaction in Afghanistan.

For China, this negotiation is led by the United States, which is not in China's interests.

Moreover, since March 2018, the Sino-US trade war has gradually heated up, and cracks have appeared in Sino-US relations.

China hopes to take the initiative to participate in and lead the peace process in Afghanistan, not just mediate in the negotiations led by the United States.

China's proposition of "Afghan-dominated and Afghan-owned" is more in line with the requirements of the Afghan government and the Taliban.

Taliban delegation joins Qatar peace talks

On February 29, 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed a peace agreement:

U.S. troops will withdraw from Afghanistan within 14 months.

As of October 2018, nearly 2,300 U.S. military personnel have been killed in action, at a direct cost of 900 billion U.S. dollars. More than 30,000 Afghans have died in the war.

The United States climbed out of the quagmire of the Vietnam War, dragged the Soviet Union to Afghanistan, and finally jumped into the "cemetery of empires" in Afghanistan.

As a neighboring country of Vietnam and Afghanistan, China has been "calmly" observing from the sidelines.

Part Four: Chinese Investment in Afghanistan

Unlike the Soviet Union and the United States, China was not directly involved in the two wars in Afghanistan.

According to comments from foreign media, China is more concerned about the post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan.

Afghanistan has huge reserves of gold, copper, iron ore, oil and other resources, worth nearly US$3 trillion.

In 2007, China Metallurgical and Jiangxi Copper jointly won the bid for the Aynak Copper Mine in Afghanistan, with a total amount of US$3.5 billion.

The mine is the second largest undeveloped copper mine in the world, with a total copper content of nearly 11 million tons, which is one-third of China's total copper reserves.

According to the tender requirements, in addition to China building a 400-megawatt thermal power plant for Afghanistan, Afghanistan also needs to hand over the 700-kilometer railway connecting Pakistan and Uzbekistan to China for construction.

In order to obtain this copper mine, Sun Changsheng, the project manager of China Metallurgical Corporation, paid the price with his life.

On February 25, 2003, Sun Changsheng accompanied the Minister of Mining and Industry of Afghanistan to Pakistan. All 8 people on board were killed in the crash of a "Cessna" small passenger plane.

In 2010, Afghanistan conducted its first oil field bidding, and CNPC won the bid.

After the crude oil is extracted, CNPC will help Afghanistan build an oil refinery worth 300 million US dollars.

On January 8, 2017, China Road and Bridge Corporation signed a contract with Afghanistan to be responsible for the repair and reconstruction of the second section of the "National North-South Corridor" road in Afghanistan, with a total length of 178 kilometers and an amount of 205 million US dollars.

 …

From 2001 to the end of 2018, China provided a total of RMB 3.5 billion in free aid to Afghanistan.

In response to foreign media's comment that "China is the biggest winner of the war in Afghanistan", China has always emphasized:

China is willing to continue to help neighboring countries with its own efforts and fulfill its due responsibilities as a major developing country.

Israel

One: "Puffer Project"

Around 1903, Russia began to exclude Jews on a large scale, and some Jews came to Northeast China.

During the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, the American Jewish Society raised $20 million to provide aid to Japan, which lost Russia.

In 1931, after the "September 18th Incident", Japan invaded and occupied the three northeastern provinces of China.

The Jews, who are good at management, also invested a lot of money to participate in Japan's construction in the Northeast, which aroused Japan's attention.

In 1934, the Japanese diplomatic journal published an article "A Plan to Invite 50,000 German Jews to Manchukuo", which also attracted the attention of Jews who were being persecuted around the world.

Distribution map of Jewish buildings in Harbin

In December 1937, the first meeting of the Far East Jewish community was held at the Modern Hotel in Harbin, and a declaration was issued to global Jewish organizations:

"We will work with Japan and Manchukuo to create a new order in Asia. We ask for help from our fellow religionists on the condition of equal treatment and the promise of a Jewish state in the Northeast."

In 1938, five top Japanese officials held a five-phase meeting and approved the "Blowfish Project":

Set up a "Jewish settlement" in China, and resettle 30,000 Jewish refugees first, and the American Jewish Foundation will bear the resettlement fee of US$100 million;

Attract Jewish capital and improve relations with Western countries.

plan bankruptcy

In 1939, after the Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression pact, they successively annexed the Baltic countries, basically blocking the route of Jews entering Japan from Europe.

On September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Treaty of Alliance to become the Axis powers, and official Japanese support for the plan was ruled out.

In the summer of 1941, about 3,000 Jews who fled from Europe to Kobe, Japan were forcibly relocated to Shanghai.

Shanghai Hongkou Jewish Memorial Museum

In December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in the United States, the American Jewish Society issued a statement:

Any Jew who cooperates with Japan is a traitor.

Subsequently, the American Jewish Association cut off financial assistance to Chinese Jews.

In 1942, in desperation, Japan abolished the "Blowfish Project".

On February 18, 1943, Japan forced Shanghai Jews to move into the "stateless refugee isolation area" in Hongkou District.

In 1945, after Japan declared its defeat, the Jews gave up their plan to establish a state in China and left the Northeast.

Part Two: China-Israel Military Cooperation

On April 1, 1994, the "Paris Coordination Organization", which prohibited the export of sensitive military technology to socialist countries, was dissolved.

Although Israel, which just established diplomatic relations with China two years ago, is not a member of Batumi, it quickly began military cooperation with China.

Israel was one of the few countries that openly provided advanced military technology to China at the time.

Harpy Drone

In 1994, China and Israel signed an agreement to purchase 120 Harpy drones from Israel for US$55 million.

Known as the "radar killer," the Harpy drone can be launched from a truck to attack radar systems autonomously.

In December 2004, the United States asked Israel to detain the drone after learning that the Harpy drone had been transported back to Israel for technological upgrading.

Although Israel insisted that the Harpy UAV was designed by itself and had nothing to do with American technology, after weighing it, Israel returned the "not upgraded" Harpy UAV to China in 2005.

"Harpy UAV" launch moment

J-10 aircraft

In 1994, China began building the J-10 prototype.

On March 23, 1998, the first flight of the J-10 was successful.

In 2003, the J-10 was officially delivered to the troops.

Regarding the smooth development process of the J-10, some Western media believe that the J-10 was developed on the basis of the Israeli "Lion" fighter.

In 1979, based on the stolen complete set of design data of the French "Phantom" aircraft, Israel cooperated with the United States to develop the "Lion" fighter.

Later, Israel continued to increase its requirements, causing the development cost to soar to 2 billion US dollars.

In August 1987, under pressure from the United States, Israel stopped its development program.

From this, the Western media inferred:

Israel is likely to sell relevant information to China in exchange for part of the research and development costs.

Chinese technicians visit the "Lion" fighter

China and Israel have been silent on this statement.

Some experts also commented:

The J-10 and the "Lion" fighter are obviously different in terms of aircraft dimensions and combat functions.

As for the significantly improved overall performance, at most it refers to some of the design ideas and subsystems of the "Lion".

AWACS incident

In May 1997, China, Israel, and Russia signed an agreement that Russia would provide the fuselage, and Israel would be responsible for installing the "Falcon" early warning system and then sell the formed early warning aircraft to China.

In July 2000, under pressure from the United States, Israel announced that it would suspend its plan to sell early warning aircraft to China.

After repeated negotiations, Israel compensated China with US$350 million.

In 2002, China "accidentally" discovered parts of the "Phalcon" system and other airborne electronic equipment that "could not be dismantled" from four Russian planes it received from which radar detection equipment had been removed.

In November 2003, the KJ-2000, which was equipped with China's own onboard radar system, made its maiden flight successfully.

KJ-200 early warning aircraft

In the same year, China began to develop the Air Police-200 early warning aircraft with the Yun-8 aircraft as the fuselage.

On October 28, 2004, KJ-200 made its first successful flight and was delivered to the troops in January 2006.

On June 3, 2006, when the second Air Police-200 flew over Anhui, it unfortunately crashed into a mountain and fell. None of the 40 passengers, including two generals, five military scientific research experts, and five test pilots, survived.

This serious air crash dealt a serious blow to China's early warning aircraft expert team.

After the air crash, China issued a policy prohibiting the chief and deputy heads of key projects of the military and national defense scientific research institutions from taking the same plane.

Eight years later, in 2014, the new generation of early warning aircraft KJ-500 joined the Air Force.

Since ancient times, heroes have suffered a lot. Every major scientific and technological progress in China has blood and tears behind it.

Part Three: Chinese Investment in Israel

Israel, which is based on the development of science and technology, has a population of less than 9 million and urgently needs China to participate in Israel's large-scale infrastructure construction.

Haifa Port New Terminal

In 2015, the Israeli Ministry of Transport and Shanghai Port Group signed an agreement, and the Chinese side invested 2 billion US dollars to build Haifa Port into Israel's largest deep-water port.

The new terminal is planned to be put into use in 2021 and will be leased by the Chinese side for 25 years.

US warships often visit this largest port city in Israel, and the docking place is the Israeli naval base not far from the port of Haifa.

In response to the U.S. statement that China may monitor the naval base, Israeli experts refuted:

"What can be done by renting an apartment in China, does it still need to build a wharf?"

Haifa Port Night View

Tel Aviv Light Rail

The Tel Aviv light rail project is the largest infrastructure construction project in Israel. The first phase of the project is also known as the Red Line Project, with a cost of nearly 20 billion yuan.

Israel invites bids in the form of BOT, and the franchise period is 32 years.

On May 20, 2015, the joint venture of China Railway Tunnel Bureau Group won the bid and became the general contractor of the tunnel for the West Bid Section of the Red Line of the Light Rail.

In November 2017, China Railway Construction, China Civil Engineering Group, Shenzhen Metro Group, and Israel Public Transport Company formed a consortium and won the bid for the operation and maintenance project of the light rail red line.

On March 27, 2018, China Railway Tunnel Bureau Group and China Railway Electrification Bureau Group formed a joint venture to become the general contractor of light rail red line track laying and electromechanical system engineering, with an amount of 4.5 billion yuan.

Chinese companies not only dominated the construction of light rail, but also broke the history of Western monopoly on the operation of urban rail transit systems in developed countries for the first time.

"Red Sea-Mediterranean" high-speed rail

In October 2013, Israel approved the "Red Sea-Mediterranean" high-speed rail plan.

The railway connects the Red Sea port city of Eilat with the Mediterranean port of Haifa, with a total length of 350 kilometers and a design speed of 250 kilometers per hour, for mixed transportation of passengers and goods.

After completion, sea cargo can bypass the Suez Canal and finally reach Europe.

However, since the Suez Canal is in Egypt, the completion of the railway will definitely have a great impact on the Egyptian economy, so the project was temporarily put on hold.

Chinese companies have actively participated in the design of the high-speed rail project.

"Red Sea-Mediterranean" high-speed rail planning map

Part Four: Why Israel Trusts China?

Israel and the surrounding Arab countries have fought five Middle East wars, which can be described as "surrounded by the sea on one side and surrounded by enemies on three sides."

In terms of diplomacy, China chooses to support Arab countries and Palestine.

Israel understands China's diplomatic rhetoric very well.

Israel is well aware that it is a small country with little influence in international affairs.

And China is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations, and its every move affects the nerves of the world.

Therefore, most of the Israelis who grew up with their lives and experiences cooperate with China in the fields of economy and commerce.

As for the transaction of some military technology and weapons, it is also wandering in a gray area.

When the United States strikes, Israel takes a step back. If the United States does not say anything, Israel will move forward.

Later, Israel also learned to be smart, and some military-related technologies were simply promoted in China in the name of industrial applications.

For example, the Israeli helmet technology, which is obviously used for fighter pilots, has been renamed "Visualization Application in Industrial Scenes" in China.

As for infrastructure construction, Israel boldly chose China. On the one hand, this involves Israel’s future economic transformation, and on the other hand, it is also to use China to check and balance the United States.

 …

Chinese investment in Israel has grown substantially over the decades:

When the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1992, China's investment was only US$50 million. In 2019, China's cumulative investment totaled nearly US$20 billion.

China has become Israel's second largest source of investment, after the United States.

In 2019, the total trade volume between China and Israel was about 15.6 billion US dollars. Among them, Israel's exports to China increased by nearly 50% year-on-year, and semiconductors soared by nearly 80%.

In 2020, after four years of negotiating a China-Israel free trade agreement, according to news announced by Israel, it will also bear fruit.

Ukraine

One: Military cooperation between China and Ukraine

If it is said that after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia was the biggest supporter of China's military industry development, then Ukraine ranked second.

Ukraine's "Three Ships"

Ukraine has the three major naval ship research bases of the Soviet Union, and its shipbuilding capacity accounts for a quarter of the Soviet Union's.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, some warships and ships under construction in Ukraine were forced to stop.

For this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, China immediately provided assistance, and later became the "Three Musketeers" of Ukraine.

1. "Snow Dragon" icebreaker

In March 1993, China purchased the Vitus Bering-class icebreaker from Ukraine for US$17.5 million. After transformation, it became China's first polar scientific research ship "Xuelong".

"Snow Dragon" icebreaker

2. Comprehensive supply ship "Qinghai Lake"

In 1993, after China purchased the unfinished ship from Ukraine, Dalian Shipyard was responsible for rebuilding it.

In 1996, the ship joined the South China Sea Fleet and became China's first and largest comprehensive supply ship with a displacement of 37,000 tons.

3. "Varyag" aircraft carrier

In 1999, after China purchased the Varyag, it took several years to drag it back to Dalian.

According to the design drawings provided by Ukraine, the Varyag has been rebuilt for many years and has become China's first aircraft carrier "Liaoning".

The Varyag that was disassembled into empty shells

In the process of purchasing, China "builds plank roads in the open, but hides old warehouses in the dark".

At that time, the "Ukraine" cruiser was nearing completion, and China's determined attitude towards this 10,000-ton ship caused obstruction by the United States and Western countries.

In desperation, China had no choice but to buy the Varyag that had been dismantled into empty shells.

"European bison" air cushion landing ship

In 2009, China ordered four large hovercraft "European Bison" from Ukraine.

"European Bison" is the largest air cushion landing ship in the world today, which can carry three T-80 main battle tanks, or 140 combat personnel and equipment.

"European bison" air cushion landing ship

"Double Citation Project" and "Friendship Award"

In 1991, while carrying out military equipment cooperation with Ukraine, China also launched the "Double Introduction Project" to introduce a large number of talents and technologies from the Commonwealth of Independent States.

By the end of 2002, China had introduced tens of thousands of experts and more than 2,000 technical projects from Russia and other CIS countries.

Ukraine is naturally a key area of care for China.

In 2006 alone, there were 150 batches of Ukrainian experts who came to China for exchanges, with more than 2,000 person-times.

At the same time, in order to commend foreign experts who have made outstanding contributions, China has also established national and provincial "Friendship Awards". Three experts from Ukraine have won the National Friendship Award one after another.

Some foreign media commented that after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, China's military industry was the biggest winner.

Why does China have military cooperation with Ukraine?

First of all, when the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, Ukraine inherited 35% of the Soviet Union's military production capacity, and its industrial system was complete.

There are as many as 3,594 military enterprises in Ukraine with more than 3 million employees, while the total population of Ukraine is only 42 million.

Secondly, after the independence of Ukraine, the economic situation is very bad. Ukraine sold some weapons and equipment technology in exchange for income to tide over the difficulties.

At the same time, for some cutting-edge weapons, Ukraine has taken the act of self-destruction in order to show its merits to the developed countries in Western Europe.

Ukraine inherited 19 of the most advanced Tu-160 strategic bombers from the Soviet Union, of which 8 were repaid and returned to Russia, 10 were destroyed, and 1 was left for people to visit in the park.

The demolished Tu-160 bomber

On January 27, 2006, the 60 Tu-22 bombers inherited by Ukraine were all destroyed.

Third, while Russia supports China in terms of military exports, it always has reservations.

Because Ukraine does not border China, and Ukraine is always vigilant against Russia, Ukraine has less worries about military exports to China.

carrier aircraft

When China was transforming the Varyag aircraft carrier, negotiations with Russia on carrier-based aircraft related technologies were not smooth.

Ukraine, however, provided the complete third and seventh T10K carrier-based prototypes directly to China to help China produce the J-15 carrier-based aircraft relatively smoothly.

liquid rocket engine

The Soviet Union's SS-18 heavy-duty multiple-warhead liquid intercontinental ballistic missile with independent guidance was one of the highest levels in the world at that time.

China and Russia discuss sharing liquid rocket engine technology, and Russia refuses to provide advanced RD180 rocket engine technology to China.

Ukraine, however, provided China with the technology of the high-end version RD170, which accelerated the development process of a certain type of Dongfeng missile in China.

air tanker

In 2008, China and Russia signed a contract to purchase Il-78 tankers, but Russia has been unable to supply them.

In desperation, China had no choice but to turn to Ukraine.

Ukraine directly provided China with 3 Il-78 air refueling aircraft for 45 million US dollars.

Il-78 air tanker

Therefore, in Ukraine's arms export transactions, China has always been one of the top buyers.

Part Two: Two "Color Revolutions"

first

In 2004, a color revolution took place in Ukraine, and Yushchenko, representing pro-Western forces, won.

The movement was also known as the Orange Revolution, due to Yushchenko's use of orange as a representative color.

the second time

At the end of November 2013, the pro-Russian President Yanukovych refused to sign an agreement with the EU.

Afterwards, with the direct support of the United States and the West, Ukrainian pro-Europeans held large-scale anti-government demonstrations in Kiev.

On February 22, 2014, Yanukovych was removed from the presidency by the parliament. Soon, he fled to Russia.

On March 11, the Crimean Parliament adopted the Crimean Declaration of Independence.

In the end, Poroshenko, known as the "Chocolate King", became president with the support of the West.

In a country, two color revolutions occurred within ten years, which shows the political turmoil in Ukraine.

China implements "nuclear protection" for Ukraine

When the Soviet Union collapsed, Ukraine inherited a large number of nuclear weapons.

Since nuclear weapons are not allowed to be exported, under the interference of Western countries, Ukraine will destroy the remaining nuclear weapons and launchers together with sending some nuclear weapons to Russia to pay off its debts.

Ukraine destroys nuclear launch device

More than a decade after the weapons were eliminated, Ukraine has not waited for the economic aid promised by the West.

From December 3 to 6, 2013, Yanukovych, who was troubled both at home and abroad, paid a state visit to China.

Afterwards, China and Ukraine issued a joint statement:

"China promises unconditionally not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against Ukraine, a non-nuclear-weapon state, and to provide corresponding security guarantees to Ukraine in the event that Ukraine is invaded by the use of nuclear weapons or threatened by such aggression."

The country that China has promised nuclear protection for the second time is actually Ukraine, which was once the third largest nuclear power.

Why is China silent on the color revolution in Ukraine?

There are several reasons:

First: Ukraine is not a neighbor of China, and China's foreign policy is not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.

Second: Ukraine used to be Russia's sphere of influence, and China maintains close contacts with Russia.

Third: Ukraine is the gateway connecting Western Europe and China. Ukraine maintains normal diplomatic relations with Europe, which meets the economic development requirements of China's "Silk Road" and helps China expand its railway freight exports.

Fourth: Although Ukraine is important, China does not want to affect China's overall strategy in Central and Eastern Europe.

In 2013, China and Central and Eastern European countries signed a total of US$22.2 billion in loan and investment agreements.

China needs Ukraine, but Ukraine needs China more.

Geographical map of Ukraine and China

Fifth: China is not satisfied with Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych.

Before 2013, China had invested tens of billions of dollars in Ukraine. At the end of 2013, China promised to invest another US$8 billion in Ukraine.

However, the political situation in Ukraine has changed turbulently, and it has not changed much after Yanukovych came to power in 2010. As a result, the implementation of Chinese investment projects in Ukraine has not been smooth.

In Odessa’s “Seven Kilometers” wholesale market, which Yanukovych’s son participated in running, there were many kidnappings targeting Chinese, and later the police also participated in the robbery of Chinese shops. These incidents have deepened China's discontent with Yanukovych.

In short, China hopes that Ukraine can maintain a balanced diplomatic relationship between Western European countries and Russia, and not completely fall to one side.

Therefore, when Ukraine refused to sign an agreement with the EU, China promised to provide nuclear protection to Ukraine.

Russia supported the Crimea referendum, the UN condemned Russia, and China abstained.

When the result of the referendum passed, China backed Russia.

The result is that Ukraine, once a military industrial power and a nuclear power, has become a pawn in the game of great powers, with little power to fight back.

Three: China's largest overseas farm - Ukraine

Ukraine has 30% of the world's black soil resources and is known as the "granary of Europe".

China is also eyeing this largest piece of black land.

In 2011, China and Ukraine signed a memorandum of understanding on the construction of a China-Ukraine agricultural cooperation park.

On May 25, 2012, China Complete Equipment Corporation signed a four-party agreement with the Export-Import Bank of China, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the National Food and Grain Group, and China-Ukraine agriculture began to cooperate.

In June 2013, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps signed an agreement with the Ukrainian KSG Agricultural Company, planning to lease 3 million hectares of fertile land in Ukraine (about 30,000 square kilometers, with a land area of 600,000 square kilometers in Ukraine) for growing grain and raising pigs, with an investment of more than $2.6 billion.

The land lease is for 50 years with an initial 100,000 hectares.

This is China's largest overseas agricultural investment, and Ukraine has also become China's largest overseas farm.

On December 5, 2017, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Agriculture signed the "China-Ukraine Investment Cooperation Plan" with the Ukrainian Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Economy and Trade. China plans to invest approximately US$10 billion in Ukrainian agriculture.

In 2019, China surpassed India to become the largest importer of Ukrainian agricultural products, with a total value of 1.955 billion US dollars.

Part Four: China's Financial Investment in Ukraine

Since Ukraine's infrastructure is relatively good, China's investment in Ukraine is relatively small in this regard.

In 2011, China National Complete Engineering Corporation won the National Air Express project in Ukraine, laying rail transit from Ukraine's Bolispoli International Airport to the capital Kiev.

On May 18, 2017, China Harbor Engineering Company won the bid for the grain wharf dredging project of Southern Port of Ukraine.

In October 2017, China's Xinjiang Communications Construction Group signed an agreement with the Ukrainian State Highway Administration to renovate two main roads in Ukraine. The total length of the road section is about 124 kilometers, and the total cost is 96 million US dollars

On May 28, 2020, CRRC Tangshan Company won the bid for the Kharkov subway project in Ukraine and provided 40 subway trains.

Significantly, Chinese investment in Ukraine's financial sector.

In December 2016, Tianjin Bohai Commodity Exchange acquired Ukrainian Bank for Reconstruction and Development for US$3 million, making the bank the first Chinese-funded bank in Ukraine.

Unveiling Ceremony of the Bank for Reconstruction and Development

On September 27, 2019, the new core system of the Reconstruction and Development Bank went online.

The trade funds between China and Ukraine will be traded through China's own cross-border payment system CIPS and will no longer be monitored by the US SWIFT system.

Incidents like HSBC’s provision of Huawei’s transaction information to the United States, which led to the arrest of Meng Wanzhou, will not be repeated, at least in Ukraine.

Obviously, China's investment in Ukraine has risen to a higher level, and Ukraine is also quite cooperative.

In March 2020, Tianjin Bohai Commodity Exchange acquired a 49.9% stake in Ukraine's First Stock Exchange, which was approved by the Ukrainian Securities Regulatory Commission and officially completed the acquisition.

China's "One Belt, One Road" policy has extended from the infrastructure construction industry to the financial field, and Ukraine is just the beginning.

In 2019, China surpassed Russia to become Ukraine's largest trading partner, with a total trade volume exceeding US$10 billion.

Belarus

Belarus is commonly known as "Sanmao" in China, while Russia and Ukraine are known as "Big Mao and Ermao".

One: China-Belarus military cooperation

Perhaps Ukraine's military industry is too dazzling, and Belarus appears much darker.

In fact, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Belarus retained about 3,000 tanks and armored vehicles each, and nearly 400 aircraft.

Of course, like other CIS countries, Belarus also chooses to sell these weapons in exchange for income.

Before 2015, Belarus' arms exports ranked among the top 10 in the world many times.

Thermal imaging night vision device

In 1971, the Soviet military optoelectronic equipment development consortium was established, and its thermal imaging and night vision sight products were relatively advanced.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the enterprise was inherited by the Central Design Bureau of Belarus.

The laser rangefinder sight installed on the Russian BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle and the thermal imager installed on the T-90S main station tank are all produced by the company.

After the formation of the Chinese Type 99 tank, due to the ban on sales by Western countries, Chinese tanks have always been weak in night combat due to the lack of advanced night vision devices.

Later, after many negotiations, Belarus provided thermal imaging night vision technology to China, and the Type 99 became a real all-weather tank.

Heavy Wheeled Special Vehicles

China's missile technology developed relatively early. However, the outbreak of the Iraq war prompted China to realize the importance of missile mobility.

Due to the lack of heavy-duty special vehicle technology, China tried to buy from Russia, but was rejected by Russia.

By chance, China got a "Scud" missile launch vehicle MAZ-543. After a period of imitation in China, the product performance cannot meet the requirements.

However, it is not completely without gains.

China knows that the manufacturer of this launch vehicle is the well-known Belarusian Minsk Wheeled Special Vehicle Factory.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became one of the few companies in the world that could produce heavy vehicles for the military.

China Wanshan 16X16 all-wheel drive WS-21200 transport vehicle exported abroad

In 1998, China Aerospace and Belarus established a joint venture—Sanjiang Walit Special Vehicle Co., Ltd. (belonging to Aerospace Wanshan), with an annual output of 300 special trucks.

After more than ten years of unremitting efforts, China has become a leader in this industry in the world.

In addition to meeting the military use of heavy-duty missile vehicles, they are also widely used in the civilian industry. Manufacturers such as Wanshan, Hanyang, Taishan, and Beiben are advancing hand in hand, and some vehicle chassis can have a maximum carrying capacity of 120 tons.

long-range multiple rocket launchers

In June 2015, Belarus tested the "Polonaise" 300mm long-range multiple rocket launcher in China.

The "Poronaise" rocket launcher is actually a Chinese A-200 8-unit 300mm long-range rocket launcher system installed on the chassis of the MZKT-7930 heavy truck of the Minsk Automobile Factory.

"Polonaise" rocket launcher

The rocket launcher adopts a satellite-guided/inertial composite guidance method, uses head-to-body separation technology and realizes maneuvering flight capabilities, with a minimum error of less than 30 meters and a launch distance of more than 200 kilometers.

To put it simply, the "Polonaise" jointly developed by China and Belarus uses Chinese guns and Belarusian vehicles.

Later, Belarus not only installed this weapon itself, but also exported it to countries such as Azerbaijan.

The military cooperation between China and Belarus took only 20 years from import to export.

Chinese elements in the military parade

On July 3, 2019, Belarus held an Independence Day military parade in the capital Minsk.

The Minister of Defense of Belarus inspected the troops in a Chinese red flag car.

Red flag car on the Belarusian military parade

Subsequently, the foot team was inspected, including 96 soldiers from the honor guard of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

This is the second time that Chinese troops have participated in the Belarus Independence Day parade.

Chinese weapons unveiled at the parade include:

China's ORV "Warrior" military off-road vehicle, which is manufactured by China's Dongfeng Group.

China's CS/VN-3C light-duty wheeled armored vehicle, which is produced by China's military equipment Chongqing Dajiang Industry.

Obviously, the purpose of Belarus doing this is to show the United States and the European Union that sanctioned Belarus:

Behind Belarus is China's support.

Part 2: Why didn't a "color revolution" happen in Belarus?

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Belarus, like other CIS countries, suffered economic collapse.

However, after Lukashenko was elected president in March 1994, he adopted a different policy.

1. In terms of military affairs, Belarus insists on promoting the process of "Russian-Belarus integration".

In 1995, Belarus held a referendum on "Russian-Belarus economic integration", with a support rate of 82.4%.

After that, Belarus and Russia signed a series of treaties: "Russia-Belarus Community Treaty", "Russia-Belarus Union Treaty", "Russia-Belarus Union State Treaty", "Belarus and Russia Unified Regional Air Defense System Agreement", which guaranteed Belarus' military safety.

2. Economically, Belarus learns from China.

Lukashenko put forward the slogan of establishing "market socialism with Belarusian characteristics":

"Implement a mixed ownership system with the state-owned system as the main body and the coexistence of various types of ownership. Establish an economic system that combines state intervention and market regulation, and the state will strictly control the privatization reform."

After the implementation of the policy, Belarus has achieved rapid economic growth for 12 consecutive years, and it is the CIS country that has recovered to the economic level of the Soviet Union the fastest.

Because the policy obviously borrowed from China, Lukashenko was called "Deng Shenke" by the Chinese people.

Economic success has given Lukashenko high prestige in Belarus.

In August 2015, Lukashenko was elected president for the fifth time and has been in power in Belarus for 26 years.

In 2017, Luvashenko (right) and his son (left) in Beijing

Western Sanctions and Chinese Aid

western sanctions

From the perspective of the European Union, Lukashenko's powerful rule in Belarus has hindered NATO's eastward expansion.

From the perspective of the United States, Belarus still retains the original team of the Soviet KGB, which hinders the United States from eroding the CIS headquarters in Belarus.

After the United States and Europe successfully instigated the "color revolution" in Georgia and Ukraine, they turned their targets to Belarus.

Since 2004, the United States has imposed sanctions on Belarus 17 times on the grounds of violating human rights and detaining political prisoners.

The United States has imposed travel bans and asset freezes on 16 people, including Lukashenko, and 10 Belarusian companies have been banned from entering the US market.

In March 2008, Belarus and the United States recalled each other's ambassadors, leaving only chargé d'affaires.

On March 24, 2006, the European Union also announced that it would impose sanctions on Lukashenko and other people, as well as some Belarusian companies.

Chinese aid

Belarus is a small country, so naturally it can't stand the trouble.

The world economic crisis in 2008 made the Belarusian economy worse.

However, China immediately extended a helping hand.

On March 11, 2009, China and Belarus signed a currency swap agreement with a scale of 20 billion yuan/8 trillion Belarusian rubles, valid for three years.

In 2011, China and Belarus signed the "Agreement on the Cooperation of Chinese Investors in the Process of Privatization of Belarusian Enterprises", and China provided Belarus with a loan of US$1 billion.

In June 2013, China invested 5 billion U.S. dollars to build the China-Belarus Industrial Park in Belarus.

On May 10, 2015, China and Belarus renewed the bilateral local currency swap agreement with a scale of 7 billion yuan/16 trillion Belarusian rubles, which is valid for three years and can be extended.

China-Belarus "Shenying-2015" joint anti-terrorism exercise

From June 15 to 27, 2015, the China-Belarus "Shenying-2015" joint anti-terrorism exercise was held in Belarus, and a special airborne company of the Chinese People's Liberation Army participated.

Of course, China did this anti-terrorism exercise in Belarus for the United States and Europe to see:

China will protect China's investment interests in Belarus at all costs.

Through economic assistance, China has helped Belarus to resist rounds of economic sanctions imposed by the West and successfully overcome the difficulties.

On February 15, 2016, the extremely disappointed EU had to announce the lifting of some sanctions against Belarus, including the freezing of assets in the EU and the ban on entering and leaving the EU for 170 Belarusians including Lukashenko, and the termination of the sanctions against 3 Belarusian companies. economic sanctions.

On September 17, 2019, the helpless United States also resumed diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level with Belarus.

Why Belarus chooses to trust China?

In fact, Russia remains Belarus' biggest supporter.

Russia is Belarus' largest trading partner. Russia not only meets nearly 80% of Belarus' energy needs every year, but also imports most of Belarus' industrial products. To this end, Russia provides Belarus with 10 billion U.S. dollars in financial subsidies every year.

However, Belarus has a single economy. Among the industrial output value accounting for a quarter of GDP, petroleum products and machinery exported to Russia account for 50% of the foreign trade volume, resulting in the hidden danger of being heavily dependent on foreign trade.

At the same time, Russia's support capacity is limited due to its economy being hit hard after the Ukrainian crisis.

In addition, Belarus is also wary of Putin's ambitions.

In 2008, with the support of Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, formerly part of Georgia, became independent.

In 2014, Crimea declared independence after a referendum on independence.

With the occurrence of these incidents, Belarus has also become afraid of the previous "Russian-Belarusian integration".

The vast majority of China Railway Express passes through Belarus

Under such complicated circumstances, Belarus will naturally put its trust in China.

Due to the special geographical location of Belarus, it is in line with China's "One Belt, One Road" strategy to enter Europe.

The China Railway Express has been in operation for more than 9 years, and most of them have passed through Belarus. The tolls of more than 20,000 trains have made Belarus a lot of money.

The introduction of Belarus to China can also balance Russia's influence on Belarus.

In March 2018, the Belarusian ambassador to China announced that the correct name of the country is the "Republic of Belarus".

This news, which was only released in China, has a long meaning:

According to the explanation of the Belarusian embassy, let the Chinese better distinguish between Belarus and Russia.

At the end of 2018, Belarus also rejected Russia's proposal to build an air force base in Belarus.

Part Three: Chinese Investment in Belarus

In 2011, Geely Group established a joint venture in Belarus. In November 2017, the first Geely sedan officially rolled off the assembly line.

In May 2011, Beijing Zhuzong Group started construction of the Swan high-end community project in Minsk, Belarus, and it will be completed in 2020 at a cost of about 200 million US dollars.

On September 27, 2014, Beijing Hotel in Minsk, the first five-star hotel built by China in Europe, opened with an investment of 200 million US dollars.

On July 31, 2017, the largest substation in Belarus, the 330 kV Postavi substation, which was contracted and constructed by a Chinese company, was completed.

Beijing Hotel Minsk

China-Belarus Industrial Park

In June 2013, the overall plan of the China-Belarus Industrial Park was approved by Belarus.

China invested $5 billion to use it as a base for the export of Chinese goods to Russia and European countries.

The industrial park covers a total area of 91.5 square kilometers (only 60 square kilometers in Manhattan, USA), and is currently the largest overseas industrial park in China.

The Chinese shareholders are CAMCE and Harbin Investment Group, accounting for 60% of the shares, and the White shareholders account for 40% of the shares.

At the end of 2018, after the completion of the first phase of the China-Belarus Industrial Park, the number of Chinese and foreign companies entering the park reached 41. Chinese companies include PetroChina, Huawei, ZTE, China YTO, Zoomlion, Maz Weichai Co., Ltd., and AVIC.

In February 2019, the China-Belarus Industrial Park became the first regional special economic zone in Belarus.

In 2030, after the completion of the second phase of the project, 155,000 people will settle in the park, while the total population of Belarus is only 9.5 million.

Geographical location of China-Belarus Industrial Park

On December 16, 2019, China and Belarus signed a 3.5 billion offshore RMB sovereign loan agreement.

In 2019, the bilateral trade volume between China and Belarus exceeded nearly US$5 billion, and China became Belarus' third largest trading partner and second largest source of imports.

老挝篇

之一：水电站溃坝事件

2018年7月23日，晚8时左右，老挝南部阿速坡省桑边桑南内水电站发生严重溃坝事故。

涌出的50亿立方米水“相当于超过200万个奥林匹克标准游泳池的水量”，导致7个村庄淹没，数百人失踪，多人死亡，6600人流离失所。

该水电站是老挝首个主要由韩国公司（SK建筑公司和韩国西部电力公司）负责建造的项目，总装机容量41万千瓦，2013年开始建设，总投资10.2亿美元。

溃坝后的情况

2019年3月20日，由三名国际专家组成的独立调查组认为：

溃坝不能认为是不可抗力导致的，与副坝基础有关，如果采取充分措施，事故原本可以预防。

而韩国公司却将事故原因归咎于“暴雨”，把灾民问题归咎于“老挝疏散不力”。

出事后韩国SK公司股价暴跌。

为什么老挝会选择在水电建设行业并无优势的韩国企业？

由于韩国觊觎中国在东南亚国家大型基建项目中独占鳌头，韩国企业开始将市场目标从中东和北美转向东南亚。

当时投标的时候，中、日、韩三国企业均有参与，但韩国企业报价最低。这是韩国的一贯作风，当年韩国造船企业一边修建厂房，一边全世界低价抢夺船舶订单。

老挝经济较差，虽然认可中国和日本公司的建筑质量，但因囊中羞涩，只能选择韩国企业。

溃坝前的情况

为了省钱，韩国公司擅自修改原始设计，降低坝高6.5米，替换建筑材料，节省费用1900万美元。

为了按照协议在2018年交付水电站，韩国公司又冒着大雨“赶进度”施工。

7月22日晚，韩国公司发现大坝受损，立即让53名韩国人员全部撤离，却没有通知当地管理人。

事故发生2天之后，韩国才决定派遣救援队，3天之后7人先遣队才启程，6天之后救援队才到达现场。

而中国是如何做的呢？

7月23日，中国驻老挝大使馆第一时间要求在当地的中资企业为灾区提供帮助。

7月24日，灾区附近的中国电建公司各项目部立即派人赶赴灾区，设置救助点，发放救援物资。

7月25日，正在老挝万象参加“和平列车-2018”联合演训的解放军医疗队，迅速派出32人奔赴灾区。

承建中老铁路的中铁公司员工，也从老挝北部疾驰南部救灾。

7月30日下午，中国救援物资通过专机运抵老挝。

......

溃坝事故让韩国企业名声尽毁，东南亚各国将韩国企业列入负面清单。

与韩国企业相反的是，中国企业在老挝建设的南欧江7级水电站却取得了巨大成功。

2007年，中国电建集团取得了中国在海外的第一个全流域开发水电项目：

老挝南欧江项目，总装机容量高达127.2万千瓦，占老挝全国电力总装机的39%。项目总投资约27亿美元，特许经营29年。

南欧江水利工程一期三座电站，总装机容量54万千瓦，2016年已投入商业运营。

其余四座电站2020年将全部完工，建成后将保障老挝12%的电力供应。

南欧江水电站，被称为老挝“东南亚蓄电池”项目的“七明珠”。

老挝南欧江水利工程

老挝为什么热衷于发展水电站？

老挝在湄公河的上游，湄公河全长4900公里，老挝境内（加上界河）就有1900公里。

加上水流落差大，自然而然，水电站成为了最佳选择。

2017年，老挝有46座可运转的水电站和54座在建水电站。

到2020年底，老挝新建的54条输电线路和16座变电站将完工。

老挝已开发的水电站中，70%-80%由中国投资建设。

老挝将其水电发电量的70%出口泰国、柬埔寨和越南，约占老挝出口总额的30%。

只有680万人口的老挝，2018年进出口贸易额达112亿美元，同比增长16%, 出口54亿美元，同比增长10.9%，进口58亿美元，同比增长21%。

中国真诚帮助老挝发展经济，老挝也投桃报李。

2019年4月25日，中国、老挝、泰国签署合作备忘录，在泰老友谊大桥附近新建一座铁路大桥，同时铺设米轨和标准轨道，连接泰国廊开-老挝万象，对接现有的中老铁路，项目规模60亿美元。

之二：中老铁路

2010年4月，老挝国会批准了中老铁路项目。

2015年11月，中老两国签署《关于铁路基础设施合作开发和中老铁路项目的协定》。

2016年12月25日，中老铁路全线开工。

中老铁路总投资70亿美元，两国共同出资40%。其中，中国出资70%，老挝出资30%，余下60%由中老企业共同投资。

老挝出资8.4亿美元，占2016年GDP158亿美元的5.3%，为了一条铁路，老挝可谓“举国之力”。

为什么老挝如此重视中老铁路？

2008年，泰国帮助老挝修建了第一条铁路，泰国廊开到老挝万象郊区的塔纳楞，火车行程15分钟。

在老挝境内的3.5公里铁路，也是老挝的铁路总里程数。

全球共有146个国家拥有铁路，老挝排名倒数第四。

2015年9月18日，老挝副总理在东盟博览会上表示：

老挝要从“陆锁国”变成“陆联国”。

中老铁路将一改老挝被周边国家围困的封锁局面，老挝的急迫心情可想而知！

为什么中老铁路从批准到施工经历6年时间？

中老铁路项目一波三折。

第一、铁路标准之争

由于历史原因，东南亚国家的铁路标准大多采用的是米轨制，也就是通常所说的窄轨。泰国帮助老挝修建的铁路就是米轨。

而中国铁路采用的标准轨道。

经过协商，老挝同意采用标准轨道。

这一点非常重要，不仅涉及到和中国境内铁路不用换轨就可以对接的问题，也意味着今后的铁路机车和车厢等相关重型装备将来自中国。

所以，中老铁路是继印尼雅万高铁之后，第二条在海外全面采用中国标准、中国技术和中国装备的铁路成套装备建设项目。

第二、铁路速度之争

中老铁路是单线，客货混用，最初设计是时速200公里。

但老挝境内多为山区，中国建议将客运速度减至160公里，货运120公里。

老挝不同意，希望一步到位到高标准。

最后，老挝还是同意了中国的意见。

所以，中老铁路并不是高铁，只是相当于中国的动车。

第三、美越战争期间，美国对老挝和柬埔寨境内的“胡志明小道”狂轰乱炸，留在老挝境内还有将近1亿枚集束炸弹没有爆炸。

2012年7月11日，美国国务卿希拉里在访问老挝期间表示，自1997年以来，美国为老挝提供了4700万美元清理炸弹。2012年，美国又提供了900万美元。

围绕炸弹的清除工作和责任，中老双方也反复讨论。

2017年1-5月，老挝成立的6个清理队伍，基本清除了铁路沿线的炸弹。

老挝境内随处可见的美国炸弹

第四、融资方面，老挝通过每年向中国出口500万吨钾盐、木材以及其他农产品做抵押，由中国进出口银行提供低息贷款。

......

中老铁路从云南磨憨到老挝首都万象，全长约427公里，将于2021年12月通车。

老挝不仅将成为中南半岛第一个拥有快速铁路的国家，而且通过中泰铁路，老挝也将第一次连接港口城市。

为什么老挝不求助越南修建铁路连接出海口？

由于历史原因，老挝受越南影响很大。

1978年，越南入侵柬埔寨，老挝支持越南。

1979年，对越自卫反击战，老挝支持越南。

......

老挝和越南山水相连，越南海岸线很长，有多个港口城市，比如清化、荣市、岘港，都可能成为老挝到达沿海的出海口，然而至今越南没有为老挝提供便利。

越南不仅没有修建连接老挝的铁路，连高速公路也没有。

很明显，翻山越岭修建铁路和高速公路，不仅需要有大型基建的人才和技术，还意味着巨大的资金投入，而产出却并不明显。

网友设想的老挝通过越南的出海方案

相比之下，南海的石油对越南的吸引力更大，而且几乎不用越南投资。依靠外国石油勘探公司在南海盗采石油和天然气，越南的石油工业占其国内生产总值的30%。

被巨大利益吸引的越南，自然无暇顾及老挝。

识趣的老挝，只能北上求助中国。

2009年，中老结成“全面战略伙伴关系”，双方在众多领域，尤其是南海问题上，达成了共识和默契。

2012年，菲律宾执意将黄岩岛争端写入联合公报，因柬埔寨、老挝等国表示反对,东盟外长会议首次未能发表联合公报。

2016年1月，老挝担任东盟轮值主席国。

7月12日，海牙国际仲裁法庭对南海仲裁案做出“最终裁决”，判菲律宾“胜诉”。

7月24日，东盟十国外长会议在老挝首都万象举行，菲律宾与越南均希望会议公报提及南海仲裁案。

因为“柬埔寨阻止在声明中提及任何有关南海仲裁结果的文字”，轮值主席国老挝宣布，东盟未能就南海仲裁案结果达成联合声明。这是东盟外长会议第二次未发表联合公报。

老挝在南海问题上的表态，得到了中国的高度赞扬和支持。

2015年底，老挝第一颗通信卫星由中国发射成功，老挝人第一次通过卫星收看中国的卫视节目。

截止到2017年底，中国在老挝投资共约800个项目，投资金额700亿元人民币，是老挝最大的投资国和贸易国。

2019年4月30日，中国和老挝发布《中国共产党和老挝人民革命党构建中老命运共同体行动计划》。

哈萨克斯坦篇

之一：中哈边界问题的解决

由于历史原因，中国和苏联在中国西段边境，共有二十多块争议区域，涉及面积三万多平方公里。

苏联解体后，边界问题变成了中国和哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦的争议。

1992年到1994年，中国和这三个国家的边界问题基本解决。

哈萨克斯坦一共归还中国10块领土，大约1100平方公里。

为什么这次边界谈判如此之快？

客观来讲，中国和这三个国家的态度都比较务实。

三个国家都是在1991年独立的，没有了苏联的依靠，心态已经发生了改变。

对于中国来说，当时的争议地区都是在对方的实际控制线内。仅仅通过谈判，部分争议领土就回归中国，也体现出中国从过去的理想主义向现实主义的转变。

之二：迁都

1991年12月，哈萨克斯坦独立，纳扎尔巴耶夫当选首任总统。

在独立前，纳扎尔巴耶夫已经是哈最高苏维埃主席和哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国总统。

在决定苏联解体的投票会议上，十五个加盟共和国中，唯一投反对票的，就是纳扎尔巴耶夫。

纳扎尔巴耶夫反对的一个理由，就是俄罗斯的拜科努尔航天中心，就在哈萨克斯坦。

这个著名的航天中心，曾经发射了世界上第一颗人造地球卫星和第一艘载人宇宙飞船，总共发射了1500多个航天器，以及大约100枚的洲际弹道导弹，发射次数名列前茅 。

拜科努尔航天中心地理位置

投票之后，纳扎尔巴耶夫又多次前往莫斯科，与戈尔巴乔夫和叶利钦见面，表示哈不愿离开苏联。

多番努力失败之后，无奈之下，哈萨克斯坦最后一个宣布独立。

1997年12月10日，纳扎尔巴耶夫宣布，阿斯塔纳（原名阿克莫拉）取代一千公里之外的阿拉木图，正式成为哈萨克斯坦新首都。

这样的壮举，和中国明朝皇帝朱棣将南京迁都一千公里之外的北京相似。

阿斯塔纳当时是一个只有十几万人口的小城市，冬季最低气温可达零下40℃（仅次于蒙古首都乌兰巴托），是沙俄时期流放犯人的地方，也是苏联时期几个大拘留营所在地。

阿拉木图不仅是纳扎尔巴耶夫的出生地，而且从1929年起，就成为哈萨克首府，水美草肥，号称苹果之城。

纳扎尔巴耶夫为什么要迁都？

一方面，是地缘因素。阿拉木图偏居哈东南一角，东距中国两百多公里，南距吉尔吉斯斯坦三十公里，辐射能力有限。

另外一方面，也是最重要的，那就是加强对北方俄罗斯族聚居区的管控。

百余年里，哈萨克斯坦经历过四次俄罗斯族迁入活动，致使哈北方民族结构发生改变。

1939年，哈萨克斯坦境内的俄罗斯族共246万，占比40%，而哈萨克族为233万，占比37.8%，俄罗斯族超过哈萨克族，成为哈第一大民族。

直到1989年，哈萨克族才重新成为哈萨克斯坦第一大民族：哈萨克族654万人，占比39.7%，俄罗斯族622万人，占比37.8%。

哈萨克斯坦迁都

独立之后，纳扎尔巴耶夫就开始为迁都做准备。

1992年，哈萨克斯坦出台《移民法》，鼓励全球的哈萨克族人回归。

同时，鼓励多生多育，公务员录取向哈萨克族倾斜，在西部和南部推行哈语。

1997年，哈萨克族人口数量首次超过半数，达到50.6%。

即便如此，在北哈萨克斯坦州，1999年，哈萨克族（29.6%）仍低于俄罗斯族（49.8%）。

纳扎尔巴耶夫执意迁都之举，可谓高瞻远瞩。

2019年3月20日，哈萨克斯坦将首都“阿斯塔纳”更名为“努尔苏丹”，以纪念当日辞去总统职务的努尔苏丹·阿比舍维奇·纳扎尔巴耶夫。

今天，哈萨克斯坦首都已经发展为一个超百万人口的现代化城市。

之三：额尔齐斯河和伊犁河

额尔齐斯河和伊犁河是中国和哈萨克斯坦之间最大的两条跨界河。

额尔齐斯河

额尔齐斯河发源于中国阿尔泰山，总长4280公里，其中618公里在中国境内。

1997年，中国开始建设635工程，这是中国唯一的北水南调工程，共包括了890公里渠道、五个水库、三个电站。635代表水库的海拔高度。

“引额济克”是一期工程，长324公里、宽22米的输水渠道，将额尔齐斯河水引入克拉玛依，输水量占额河总流量的26%，2000年8月1日完工。

“引额济乌”是二期工程，从额尔齐斯河调水到乌鲁木齐。

“引额济克”工程

哈萨克斯坦对中国的开发行为表示担心：

额尔齐斯河有将近1700公里在哈萨克斯坦境内，影响着250万人的生活，占哈总人口比例13.5%。

2001年，中哈两国签署共用河流协议，但由于中国并未加入《联合国跨境涉水保护公约》，“这份协议如何执行，基本取决于中国。”

伊犁河

伊犁河发源于中国天山，向西注入哈萨克斯坦境内的巴尔喀什湖，伊犁河水占巴尔喀什湖流入量的80%左右。

据中国水利专家建议，从伊犁河引水至准格尔盆地，可以更好地改造古尔班通古特沙漠。

古尔班通古特沙漠是中国第二大沙漠，也是是中国最大的固定、半固定沙漠。

“若能每年引水150亿立方米左右，古尔班通古特沙漠完全可改造成至少4万平方公里的良田。”

事实上，从1959年开始，中国把绿色植被向古尔班通古特沙漠腹地推进了15公里，森林覆盖率从23%提高到43.2%。

伊犁河和巴尔喀什湖

2007年，哈萨克斯坦向中国建议：“用10年的粮食供应换取一部分伊犁河水进入巴尔喀什湖的流量。”

虽然中国没有对这个建议明确答复，但在实践中，中国和哈萨克斯坦还是保持了良好的互动。

2014年6月30日，应哈萨克斯坦请求，中国加大伊犁河流域吉林台水库、卡甫其海水库的下泄流量，持续10天，缓解了哈方的旱情。

之四：中哈原油管道

中哈原油管道西起哈萨克斯坦里海岸边的阿特劳，东至中国新疆阿拉山口，总长3088公里，其中哈萨克斯坦境内2818公里，中国境内270公里。

管道前期工程阿特劳--肯基亚克，全长448.8公里，2003 年底建成。

管道一期工程阿塔苏--阿拉山，2004年9月动工，全长962.2公里，2005年12月竣工。

2006年7月11日，哈国原油正式进入中国。

中哈原油管道

管道二期工程肯基亚克--阿塔苏，于2009 年7月建成投产，中哈原油管道全线贯通。

中哈原油管道设计年输油量2000万吨，可根据需求提高到5000万吨，是中国在中亚地区投资建设的第一条管线，被誉为“丝绸之路第一管道”。

中哈原油管道和巴杰石油管道的竞争

上世纪90年代中期，中国对石油的需求开始大幅增加，中哈原油管道项目与中俄原油管道项目同时提上议事日程。

1997年至1999年，中哈完成可行性分析报告。

不过，该计划被一度冻结。

一方面，由于中国当时经济条件有限，无力承担建设成本。

另一方面，哈萨克斯坦石油存储量尚未探明，中国担心哈方石油供应量不足。

随着哈国内石油开采量的不断增长，2001年10月３日，中哈两国签定协议，铺设从肯基亚克到阿特劳的管道。

2002年5月23日，该管道破土动工，2003年底完工。

3个月后，2002年8月，美国支持的巴杰石油管道(BTC)，从阿塞拜疆的巴库经过格鲁吉亚的第比利斯到土耳其杰伊汉的管道，也开始建设。

里海被称为“第二个波斯湾”，巴杰管道的建设，就是美国在遏制伊朗的同时，挤压俄罗斯在里海油区“出口阀门”的地位。

同时，美国还劝说世界银行等国际机构，不给中哈管线项目贷款。

巴杰（里海）石油管道

但是，中哈原油管道进展神速。

2006年7月11日，哈国石油正式进入中国。

同时，被西方国家称为“和平管道”的巴杰管道也开始运营，设计运输量每年5000万吨。

不过，由于阿塞拜疆没有大型油田，巴杰管道建成以后一直都没有满负荷运营，利用率不超过60%。

所以，美国通过各种途径施压，让哈每年向巴杰管线供油2000万吨。

在美国的压力下，哈萨克斯坦表面上答应了美国的要求。但实际上，哈通过商船横跨里海向巴杰管道输送的石油，只有每年200万吨左右。

美国很不满意，继续向哈施压。

无奈之下，2009年10月，哈萨克斯坦宣布，将与阿塞拜疆成立合资企业，修建里海海底石油管道。

但这个计划遭到了俄罗斯的强烈反对，理由是“将破坏里海的环境。”

所以，这个里海石油输出管道至今尚无着落。

而2009年7月，全长3000公里的中哈石油管线已经全线贯通。

哈萨克斯坦还通过允许俄罗斯经中哈管道每年向中国出口3000万吨石油，获取可观的经济收入。

......

为什么哈萨克斯坦偏向俄罗斯和中国，却又不得罪美国？

不得不说，纳扎尔巴耶夫是一个高人。

一方面，他是“亚信会议（CICA）”的“创始人”。

1992年10月，在第47届联合国代表大会上，纳扎尔巴耶夫首次提出倡议，建立一个全亚洲范围的地区性安全合作组织：“亚洲相互协作与信任措施会议”（亚信会议）。

1999年9月，“亚信会议”第一次外长级会议在阿拉木图举行。

2002年6月4日，“亚信会议”第一次峰会，在阿拉木图成功举行。

截至2019年1月，亚信会议共有成员国27个、观察员13个。亚信主席国前后由哈萨克斯坦、土耳其、中国担任。2018年，塔吉克斯坦担任亚信轮值主席国。

另外一方面，格鲁吉亚和乌克兰的“颜色革命”让纳扎尔巴耶夫非常警惕。

果不其然，2005年，吉尔吉斯斯坦亲美派被扶植上台，被赶下台的吉尔吉斯斯坦第一任总统阿卡耶夫和纳扎尔巴耶夫还是亲家。5年后，亲俄派上台。2019年，亲俄派总统又被捕......

(吉尔吉斯斯坦故事太多，以后的文章会详细介绍。）

亲身经历过苏联解体的纳扎尔巴耶夫，对于国家和地区的安全稳定有着切肤之痛，所以对于俄、中、美三国的关系处理，孰轻孰重，游刃有余。

之五：中哈天然气管道

中哈天然气管道其实是中亚天然管道的一部分，最早设计的时候，气源主要来自于土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦，因为这两个国家的天然气储量远远大于哈萨克斯坦。

所以，中亚天然气管道的A/B/C/D线的起点都在土库曼斯坦。

后来，在中国的帮助下，哈萨克斯坦也发现了更多的天然气储量。本来以过境收入为主的哈萨克斯坦，受益颇多。

中亚天然气管道在土库曼斯坦境内188公里，乌兹别克斯坦境内530公里，哈萨克斯坦境内1300公里。加上中国境内西气东输的约9000公里，构成世界上最长的天然气管道。

2008年7月9日，哈萨克斯坦段开工建设，并于2009年7月完成一期工程。

2009年12月14日，A线管道全线通气，通过中国霍尔果斯连接“西气东输”二期。

2012年9月，C线启动建设，C线与A、B线并行铺设，设计输气能力250亿立方米/年。

2014年5月31日，C线正式投入运营，与西气东输三线相连。

至此，中亚天然气管道总输送能力达550亿方/年，可满足中国23%的天然气消费需求。

截至2019年12月31日，中亚天然气管道三线累计向中国输送天然气2946亿立方米。

为什么C线的输送能力大幅度提升？

中亚天然气管道A/B线输送能力合计每年300亿立方米，而C线单线就达到每年250亿立方米，输送能力大幅度提升。

A/B线采用的是X70钢管，管径1067毫米。

C线采用了高等级的X80级钢管, 管径1219毫米。

而这种X80钢管全部是中国制造。

X80钢板的联合研制单位有太钢、宝钢、武钢、马钢、鞍钢、首钢、沙钢等中国九大主要钢铁企业，焊丝、焊剂和焊接工艺的研制单位是宝鸡钢管厂等单位。

2008年1月13日，第一批630吨X80钢管从宝鸡钢管公司运往新疆西二线工地。

天然气管道施工图

西气东输二线管道全长9102公里，其中干线全长4843公里，干线全部采用国产X80钢管共278万吨，相当于三峡工程用钢量的3.4倍，是全球X80钢消耗量的20年总和，中国成为全球最大的X80级天然气管道建设国。

中国钢厂快速形成的年产150万吨X80钢的巨大产能，使得国产X80钢板和钢管价格低于国外产品30%，大幅度降低了投资总额。

在管道建设投资中，钢管大致占总投资额的30-40%，每提高1个钢级，管线的建设费用会相应降低约7%至8%。

为什么D线不通过哈萨克斯坦？

2008年之前，土库曼斯坦天然气探明储量比美国少。后来，土库曼斯坦发现了巨大的天然气气田，储量比美国高出一倍，排名全球第四。

所以，中亚天然气管道在原有A/B/C线的基础上，又增加了D线。

D线全长1000公里，其中境外段840公里，设计年输量300亿立方米，气源地为土库曼斯坦复兴气田，最终从新疆南部的乌恰县入境。

这条管道没有经过哈萨克斯坦。

铺设后的天然气管道

首先，D线比经过哈萨克斯坦的线路要短几百公里，可以节约费用。

其次，D线首次途经塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦，这两个国家也是中国的邻国，让他们直接受益，对中国的外交有好处。

最重要的是，从投资安全的角度来看，不能把所有的鸡蛋放在同一篮子里。

中哈油气管道对在哈的其他投资有影响吗？

2018年2月，天津渤海化工集团与哈萨克斯坦签订协议，在哈国的阿克特育宾斯克地区建设综合性石化基地，投资约267亿元。

第一期建成后可采用天然气为原料生产甲醇。第二期将建设一家年产能达30万吨的乙烯厂，以及另外两家年产能分别达30万吨的聚乙烯和聚丙稀厂。

哈萨克方面预计，该项目到2021年建成后，将提供3000个新增就业岗位。

事实上，哈萨克斯坦的这个大型项目对外公布已久，除中国和韩国外，无其他外国投资者介入。

2016年初，经过评估，韩国LG化学取消了在哈萨克斯坦投资建设年产80万吨PE基地的计划，将转移到"更有前景"的地区。

截至2018年上半年，中国对哈萨克斯坦投资总额达156亿美元，比上年同期增长5.4%。

2005至2019年，中国对哈萨克斯坦企业投资和联合项目总额达350亿美元，行业覆盖电力、化工、交通、金属加工采矿、建设、农业、金融业、公共事业。

在这样的情况下，尤其是在石油化工领域，韩国LG的退出选择是明智的。

吉尔吉斯斯坦篇

之一：“郁金香革命”

1991年10月12日,阿卡耶夫出任吉尔吉斯斯坦独立后第一任总统。

2005年3月，继格鲁吉亚“玫瑰革命”和乌克兰“橙色革命”之后，“郁金香革命”在吉尔吉斯斯坦爆发。

3月24日，阿卡耶夫悄然逃往俄罗斯。

吉尔吉斯斯坦的“郁金香革命”

2005年8月14日，在美国支持下，巴基耶夫出任第二任总统。

2010年4月7日，巴基耶夫政权被推翻。第二天，巴基耶夫离开首都，后逃亡国外。

2010年6月10日，吉尔吉斯斯坦南部奥什地区发生骚乱，从14日起到16日晚，中国政府派出9架包机，将1300名中国公民从奥什机场撤往乌鲁木齐（其中一架经吉首都转飞）。

2011年12月1日，在俄罗斯支持下，阿坦巴耶夫出任第三任总统。

2017年11月24日，阿坦巴耶夫的“亲密盟友”热恩别科夫出任第四任总统。

2019年8月8日，阿坦巴耶夫被捕。

黄色的迎春花是吉尔吉斯斯坦首都的市花，“郁金香革命”也称“黄色革命”。

为什么“颜色革命”在哈萨克斯坦没有成功？

2005年，哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦面临的情况类似。

面对来势汹汹的反对派，哈总统纳扎尔巴耶夫更加强悍，多面出手：

一、出台新选举法，禁止选举期间举行游行示威。

二、颁布《反极端主义法》和《非政府组织法》，严密监控国内外非政府组织，逮捕3名乌克兰观察员。

三、发布《信息和通信网络行为（修正案）》，断开与国外的网络连接，整治国内网络非法信息。

四、通过媒体揭露其他国家“颜色革命”后的骚乱状况。

......

纳扎尔巴耶夫的做法是不是很熟悉？

不仅如此，老谋深算的纳扎尔巴耶夫，还出人意料地宣布，将竞选标志改成黄色。

一夜之间，哈萨克斯坦全国一片金黄，反对派的“黄色革命”只好偃旗息鼓。

纳扎尔巴耶夫将竞选标志改成黄色

有人说，纳扎尔巴耶夫原本有可能成为苏联的接班人之一。以他的能力，治理一个只有1800万人口的哈萨克斯坦，绰绰有余。

事实也是如此。

纳扎尔巴耶夫在哈萨克斯坦独立后，当了28年的总统。哈国家稳定，经济实力最强，人均GDP和中国相当。

对于吉尔吉斯斯坦，纳扎尔巴耶夫却是恨铁不成钢。

1998年，吉尔吉斯斯坦总统阿卡耶夫的儿子，与纳扎尔巴耶夫18岁的小女儿结为夫妻。

本来是亲上加亲的一段婚姻，却只维持了三年。

2001年8月，两人悄然离婚。

2005年，阿卡耶夫逃亡到俄罗斯后，纳扎尔巴耶夫评价说：

“（阿卡耶夫）太软弱”。

2017年9月21日，纳扎尔巴耶夫视察完阿拉木图后，评论说：

“阿拉木图（一个城市）的GDP总额就比吉尔吉斯斯坦（一个国家）的GDP高5倍以上。”

鄙弃之意尽显于言辞。

之二：美、俄军事基地

2001年，9·11事件之后，美国以打击阿富汗的恐怖分子为由，租用了吉尔吉斯斯坦唯一的国际机场——玛纳斯机场，并改建为军事基地。

2001年12月，基地正式启用。

反恐战争期间，这是美军在中亚最大的军事基地，驻军1500名。

玛纳斯机场在吉国首都比什凯克西北30公里，距中国约400公里。

显而易见，美国不仅染指俄战略后方的中亚地区，同时也监视中国。

美国玛纳斯军事基地

俄罗斯迅速做出反应。

2003年10月23日，俄罗斯在吉尔吉斯斯坦的坎特空军基地重新启用。该基地位于首都比什凯克以东20公里。

美、俄两国军事基地相隔不到50公里。

这个基地是前苏联在中亚的飞行训练中心，1992年被吉尔吉斯斯坦接收后闲置。

基地可以容纳5架苏－27战斗机、5架苏－25战斗轰炸机和直升机，驻军500名。

吉将向俄罗斯提供15年的基地使用权，可以续期。

2009年，迫于周边国家的压力，美国空军基地更名为“国际过境转运中心”。

2011年底，亲俄的阿坦巴耶夫总统上台后，直接拒绝了美军空军基地的续约请求。

2014年6月3日，美国在中亚最重要的玛纳斯军事基地正式关闭。

在美国军事基地关闭前一个半月，2014年4月22日，吉尔吉斯斯坦通过了对中亚天然气管道D线吉国段可研报告，成为第一个批准D线的管道过境国。

D线吉国段全长215公里，中吉合作运营35年，吉尔吉斯斯坦将获得每年6000万美元收益，累计收益21亿美元，而640万人口的吉尔吉斯斯坦2018年GDP仅为81亿美元。

比吉尔吉斯斯坦更为着急的是塔吉克斯坦。

2014年9月13日，中亚天然气管道D线塔吉克斯坦段正式开工。

美国关闭军事基地和中国有关吗？

关系很大。

1996年4月26日，中国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦五国元首在上海举行首次会晤，外界称为“上海五国会晤”。

2001年6月15日，《上海合作组织成立宣言》签署，上海合作组织成立，简称上合组织（SCO），成员国包括新加入的乌兹别克斯坦共6个国家。

从成员国看，上合组织就是为了中亚地区的安全稳定进行反恐。

从成立的时间看，上合组织正好和美国在吉空军基地启用时间在同一年。

成立后，上合组织基本上每年都进行反恐军事演习，中国一场不落，演习时间有时候会“巧合地”和北约在中亚的军演“碰车"。

2013年8月10日，“草原之鹰-2013”多国维和演习在哈萨克斯坦南部阿拉木图举行，美国、英国、立陶宛、瑞士、意大利等国1680名军人参加。

8月11日，上合组织“边防联合决心-2013”反恐演习在中吉边境举行，中吉双方共1075名军人参加。

上合组织军演

有外媒评价说，上合组织已经发展成准军事组织，意在对抗北约和美国。

但中国专家说，上合组织只是在联合成员国反恐的同时，建立一个安全的中亚自由贸易区。

加入上合组织,可以得到中国及俄罗斯的经济援助。

美国关闭军事基地后，2017年6月9日，印度和巴基斯坦成为上合组织成员国。

阿富汗、白俄罗斯、伊朗、蒙古国是上合组织观察员国，阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、柬埔寨、尼泊尔、土耳其和斯里兰卡是上合组织对话伙伴国。

目前，上合组织成员国总面积占欧亚大陆四分之三，人口约31亿,占世界人口的44%，GDP总量超过20万亿美元，全球占比23%。

之三：费尔干纳盆地的飞地

费尔干纳盆地，位于吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦三国交界地区，大约5万平方公里。

三国边境线互相交错，形成多块飞地。

飞地示意图

乌兹别克斯坦有4块飞地在吉尔吉斯坦，最大的索赫，4.28万人，面积325平方公里，现由吉尔吉斯坦控制。

最小的面积不到1平方公里，无常住居民。

吉尔吉斯坦只有1块飞地在乌兹别克斯坦：巴拉克村，627人。

塔吉克斯坦有2块飞地在吉尔吉斯斯坦：沃鲁赫，面积130平方公里，西凯拉哈奇，面积不到1平方公里

塔吉克斯坦有1块飞地在乌兹别克斯坦：萨万，15平方公里。

有飞地，民族跨界而居问题就很难解决，冲突就不可避免。

近些年，费尔干纳盆地已经发生了数十起边境武装冲突。

2010年6月，吉尔吉斯斯坦与乌兹别克斯坦发生冲突，乌兹别克斯坦关闭了乌吉边境的所有7个关口。

费尔干纳盆地被外界称为是“中亚火药桶”。

费尔干纳盆地示意图

为什么会有飞地？

一句话，和苏联有关。

中亚五国成为苏联加盟共和国时，苏联的政策就是“分地而治”。

哈萨克斯坦与俄罗斯接壤，理所当然得到了照顾，有科技和工业项目的支持，比如拜科努尔航天中心。

至于其他四个国家，尤其是乌、吉、塔三国，只能在种棉花和提供资源中选择，经济一直都很弱。

飞地问题，苏联时期就有，只不过当时大家在苏联统治之下，算是内部矛盾。

1991年，中亚五国分别独立，飞地变成国际问题，但乌、吉、塔又不与俄罗斯交界，边界问题只能边谈边打，直到今天。

之四：金矿

吉尔吉斯斯坦矿产资源丰富，黄金储量2500吨左右，在独联体排名第二。

2012年，中国黄金集团并购吉尔吉斯斯坦规模最大的铜矿山：库鲁-捷盖列克铜金矿。

2013年2月，中国黄金向中工国际转让该项目16%的股份。

2015年1月12日，中国能源建设集团中标该矿山外部供电总承包工程。

中国公司几乎包揽了这座矿山的所有工程，连股份转让都是在中国公司之间进行。

......

从1995年到2017, 中国对吉尔吉斯斯坦的直接投资为24亿美元。

2018年，中吉双边贸易额超过56亿美元。

目前，中国是吉尔吉斯斯坦第一大贸易伙伴和第一大投资来源国。

2019年12月27日，中国外交部发言人耿爽说：

“中国和吉尔吉斯斯坦关系处于历史最高水平。”

乌兹别克斯坦篇

之一：安集延骚乱事件

2005年5月12日夜，乌兹别克斯坦安集延市发生骚乱，武装分子袭击了警察岗哨和部队营房。大量武器弹药被夺取，安集延市监狱被攻破，部分犯人出逃。

5月13日白天，大量人群聚集，高喊口号“要求总统辞职”。

当天，乌总统卡里莫夫紧急飞往安集延。

同日晚间，乌新闻局宣布，安集延骚乱平息。

寡言少语的卡里莫夫，一天之内，不仅迅速平息了骚乱，还在当晚就返回首都塔什干。

与吉尔吉斯斯坦总统阿卡耶夫在骚乱第二天悄然逃亡国外相比，卡里莫夫雷厉风行。

与哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫相比，卡里莫夫更加低调。

安集延骚乱

14日，卡里莫夫发表声明，谴责挑起骚乱事件的极端主义势力。

虽然卡里莫夫很清楚，骚乱背后的支持者就是美国，但他并没有直接挑明。

乌兹别克斯坦官方表示，骚乱导致187人死亡，包括10名安保人员。

境外媒体报道，在骚乱中有军队开枪。

之后，乌兹别克斯坦将部分境外媒体人员驱逐出境，并拒绝新的入境申请。

骚乱事件发生之后，美国随即对乌进行谴责，并把矛头直接指向了乌总统卡里莫夫。

本来并未打算和美国撕破脸皮的卡里莫夫，选择迅速出手，强力反击。

之二：美国军事基地的关闭

2001年10月，美国借口在阿富汗进行反恐，租用了乌兹别克斯坦的汗阿巴德机场，建立了在中亚的第一个军事基地。

该基地距阿富汗200公里，美军借此转运物资，并为飞机提供保养，驻军多达1500人。

2002年，加入上合组织仅仅一年之后，乌兹别克斯坦以“美军重型飞机的起降对生态环境和居民健康造成严重影响”为理由，要求美国进行资金补偿。

美国不仅始终回避谈判，而且在眼见亲自策划的安集延骚乱被迅速平息后，强烈谴责乌兹别克斯坦。

2005年7月5日，上合组织元首理事会在哈萨克斯坦举行，会议宣言支持乌兹别克斯坦，“要求西方提出撤出中亚的时间表”。

7月29日，乌外交部通知美国大使，要求美军在180天内撤出汗阿巴德军事基地。

汗阿巴德军事基地

为了找回面子，9月30日，美国参议院通过决议,要求美国向联合国安理会施压,将乌总统卡里莫夫告上国际法庭,追究对“安集延骚乱事件”的责任。

10月6日,美国国会又禁止国防部向乌支付军事基地租借费用2300万美元。

美乌关系迅速恶化。

11月21日，美国关闭汗阿巴德机场空军基地，大部分飞机转移到阿富汗。

美军撤离时间不仅比乌提出的要求提前了2个月，而且美国国防部最后还是将租借费用支付给了乌兹别克斯坦。

2014年，随着美国在吉尔吉斯斯坦玛纳斯空军基地的关闭，美国在中亚的军事力量全部撤离。

至此，美国通过中亚围堵中俄的策略以失败告终。

中国做了什么？

在美国关闭军事基地之前，2004年，中国提供了6000万元人民币无偿援助，用以修建中吉乌国际道路。

美军基地关闭之后，2007年4月30日，乌兹别克斯坦与中国签署协议，加入中亚天然气管道建设。

之三：难产的中吉乌铁路

1997年，中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦签署备忘录，修建中吉乌铁路。

2000年，中方出资进行技术论证。2006年，中吉乌铁路中国段列入中国第十一个五年规划。2008年，中国确定中吉乌铁路“喀什—吐尔尕特—卡拉苏—安集延”建设方案。中吉乌铁路全长约504公里，中国175.9公里，吉尔吉斯斯坦278.1 公里，乌兹别克斯坦50公里。建成后，中吉乌铁路将成为连接中国和欧洲的最短线路之一，比原有俄罗斯路线缩短一周时间，新疆也多了一条国际通道。不过，时至今日，23年过去，这条铁路始终未能动工。

中吉乌铁路设计线路

为什么会拖延那么长的时间？

主要原因就是吉尔吉斯斯坦多次改变态度：

1.中吉乌铁路造价，从最初的9亿美元，到2013年突破65亿美元。

2.中国坚持标准轨道1435毫米，吉方坚持俄罗斯标准1521毫米。

3.由于吉方缺乏资金，中国提出通过吉方转让部分矿产资源换取投资，吉方国内反对派不同意。

4.吉国内政权频繁变动，从2005年起至今，吉方总统已更换三任。

......

2018年，中、吉、乌三国表示，将推动中吉乌铁路建设。

2019年8月，吉乌两国元首举行会谈，表示加快吉乌两国段铁路谈判。

另外，围绕中吉乌铁路，德国曾建议修建一条铁路，连接吉南方和北方，一个分支通向中国，投资金额20亿欧元由欧洲银团贷款。

不仅如此，俄罗斯也表示愿意投资该铁路的延伸项目，利用吉北方现有设施通往哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯。

一条只有500公里的中亚三国铁路，不仅牵动了欧洲和俄罗斯的利益，还让双重内陆国乌兹别克斯坦，和世界上最穷国之一的吉尔吉斯斯坦，一时间不知所措。

中吉乌国际道路试运行

中吉乌国际道路

和铁路尚未开工不同的是，2004年，中吉乌国际道路开工建设。

该道路起点为中国喀什，经吉尔吉斯斯坦的奥什，到达终点乌兹别克斯坦首都塔什干,总长937公里。

2017年10月30日，通过中国路桥等公司十几年的建设，中吉乌国际道路终于开通货运试运行。

新路线开通后，运输时间从8至10天缩短至2天。

2018年，该国际道路货物运输量超10万吨。

之四：中亚天然气管道的新问题

中亚天然气管道有A/B/C/D四条线路，全部经过乌兹别克斯坦。

乌兹别克斯坦天然气储量1.1万亿立方米，世界排名第18。目前已经开通的A/B/C线，总供气量每年550亿立方米。乌兹别克斯坦既是管道过境国，也是供气国，供气占比15%左右。2020年1月20日，乌兹别克斯坦总理首次公开表示，乌计划到2025年停止出口天然气。

中亚天然气管道四条线路经过乌兹别克斯坦

为什么乌要停止出口天然气？

2012年1月4日，乌兹别克斯坦突然中断了对塔吉克斯坦的天然气供应。

乌官方解释，这样做是为了保障中国的天然气供应。

6年之后，2018年4月，乌方才恢复了对塔方的天然气供应。

2016年12月初，乌兹别克斯坦无故中断向中国供气半天，后官方解释是其国内用气紧张。

2019年，乌国内曾发生较大规模的居民天然气断供事件。

在中亚国家中，乌兹别克斯坦人口数量最多，有3300万。

2019年，乌国内天然气需求量390亿立方米，而乌天然气年产量约为610亿立方米，天然气出口量达到150亿立方米。

虽然乌天然气供应有缺口，但这并不是停止出口的真正原因。

乌兹别克斯坦真正想做的，是在国内建设天然气化工基地，增加天然气产品的附加值。

2019年3月，乌石油天然气公司与美国空气产品公司成立合资企业，计划通过MTO技术，将由天然气合成的甲醇生产低碳烯烃，产品价格是天然气的3倍。

2025年乌停止出口后，对中国有影响吗？

影响肯定是有的，但问题不大。

2019年12月初，中俄天然气东线管道每年向中国输送380亿立方米。

中俄天然气管道西线开通后，每年向中国输送300亿立方米。

中亚天然气管道D线开通后，每年向中国输送300亿立方米。

而乌兹别克斯坦每年给中国的供气只有80亿立方米。

2025年这个时间，乌方应该是和中国协商过了。

......

2019年，是乌兹别克斯坦的“积极投资和社会发展年”。

8月27日，乌兹别克斯坦与中信集团签署协议，设立10亿美元的中乌联合投资基金。

截止2019年年底，在乌中国企业共1652家，比2018年增加531家。

现在，中国已经成为乌兹别克斯坦最大的投资国和贸易国。

斯里兰卡篇

之一：猛虎组织的灭亡

1983年，斯里兰卡内战开始。

和军队交手的，就是泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎组织。

泰米尔人只占斯里兰卡人口的18%左右，但是，一海相隔30公里之外的印度，却有6200万泰米尔人，而斯里兰卡总人口数量才2100万。

和印度相比，斯里兰卡只是一个面积不足7万平方公里小岛国。

泰米尔人分布图

为了选票，印度支持猛虎组织，并通过印度的泰米尔人提供大量的资金给猛虎组织。

从1983年到1986年，印度南部基地训练了2千多名猛虎组织成员。

但是，随着猛虎组织的发展壮大，印度开始担心国内的泰米尔纳德邦的独立倾向。再加上斯里兰卡转向巴基斯坦寻求帮助，印度的政策开始转变。

1987年，印度和斯里兰卡签署《印斯和平协议》。

随后，印度7万军队进入斯里兰卡，以维和名义打击猛虎组织。

三年时间，印度损失了1千多名士兵，猛虎组织却愈战愈勇。

1991年5月21日，猛虎组织策划自杀式袭击，炸死了印度前总理拉吉夫·甘地。

无奈之下，印度撤出了斯里兰卡内战。

撤兵之前，印度有意释放了抓获的1500多名猛虎组织成员，导致斯里兰卡局势更加混乱。

被击毙的猛虎组织头目普拉巴卡兰（中）

2002年2月，在西方的调停下，斯里兰卡与猛虎组织在挪威签署永久性停火协议。

但猛虎组织一心想独立建国，无视停火条约，继续在国内挑起战火。

2005年8月12日深夜，斯里兰卡外交部长遭猛虎组织枪击身亡。

8月30日，实在是有心无力的斯里兰卡总统拜访了中国。

之后，中国每年援助10亿美元给斯里兰卡。

2006年7月，斯里兰卡军队向猛虎组织发起大规模进攻。

2009年5月18日，猛虎组织头目被击毙，长达26年的内战结束。

之二：斯里兰卡的中国武器

2003年3月20凌晨，中国“福远渔225”号渔船在斯里兰卡东部海面，突然遭到多艘小炮艇袭击，船被击沉，8人获救，15人失踪。

斯里兰卡指责猛虎组织实施了这起袭击。

2004年，中国武器装备开始大量进入斯里兰卡。

在这之前，斯里兰卡的武器来自各个国家，可谓五花八门。

只有中国的武器是成制式地提供给斯里兰卡。

斯里兰卡陆军的中国WZ551装甲运输车

陆军方面的常规武器，有152毫米榴弹炮、81式自动步枪、63式装甲运输车、WZ551装甲运输车、59式坦克等。

空军方面，有K-8初级教练机、歼教-5中级教练机、歼7战斗机、运-8中型运输机、JY-11空中搜索雷达等。

海军方面，有062护卫舰等。

中国北方工业公司的一名工作人员，坐在斯里兰卡接待人员的车里，结果后面的一辆车被猛虎组织的火箭弹击中......

除了提供武器之外，中国还派出了军事专家，从战略战术上指导斯里兰卡军队。

2006年之后，斯里兰卡军队一改以前的精神面貌，突然变得神勇异常，从海、陆、空围剿猛虎组织，尤其是歼-7MG战机，始终掌握着制空权。

不仅如此，斯里兰卡还从内部瓦解猛虎组织，接受猛虎组织二号人物兼最高军事领导人卡鲁纳·阿曼的投降。

不到三年时间，曾经不可一世的猛虎组织，兵败如山倒。

2009年1月2日，斯里兰卡军队发起大决战，5个月后，猛虎组织被消灭。

坚壁清野、炮火覆盖、围点打援，各种解放军经典战术，一一重现......

斯里兰卡空军的中国歼7战机

西方国家虽然把猛虎组织列为恐怖组织，但实际上是想利用猛虎组织牵制斯里兰卡。

随着猛虎组织被彻底消灭，西方并不甘心自己的计划失败。

2012年3月22日，联合国通过决议，要求追究斯里兰卡内战后期的侵犯人权行为。

印度投了赞同票。

中国投票反对该决议。

斯里兰卡对中国非常感激。

之后，斯里兰卡又向中国采购了037型猎潜艇、KS-1A中程防空导弹等。

斯里兰卡成为中国武器在南亚的第二大采购国，仅次于巴基斯坦，被称为“第二解放军”。

之三：汉班托塔港是中国军事基地吗？

2007年，中国招商局集团开始建设斯里兰卡南部的汉班托塔港。

港口总投资为15亿美元，中国提供了约3亿美元的贷款。

2012年6月，港口开始运营。目前每天到港船只约300艘。

2017年7月，招商局集团以11.2亿美元取得港口70%的股权，租期为99年。

同时，在港口附近建设60平方公里工业园。

招商局集团提出，将汉班托塔港建成“斯里兰卡的蛇口”。

汉班托塔港的战略位置

一年之后，同样的一幕在缅甸上演。

2018年11月8日，中国和缅甸签署了皎漂深水港和工业园框架协议。

作为中标方之一的中国招商局集团向缅甸提出，最终目标是“20年超越新加坡”。

招商局集团的公关部经理，可能是“战忽局”张召忠的粉丝。

2019年4月8日，斯里兰卡总理表示：

“很多人认为汉班托塔港是中国的军事基地，我承认那里确实有军事基地，但那是斯里兰卡海军的基地。任何国家的船只都可以到那里，由我们掌控行动。”

对于这个充满外交辞令的回答，印度并没有相信。

汉班托塔机场的“坑”

2009年11月17日，中交集团开始建设斯里兰卡的第二个国际机场：汉班托塔国际机场。

2012年10月，机场开始运营后，改为时任总统的名字：马特拉-拉贾帕克萨国际机场。

截至2016年底，机场亏损超过1.1亿美元。原有的14家航空公司，只剩一家。

面对这么大的一个“坑”，斯里兰卡一筹莫展，苦苦思索解救的办法。

机会终于出现了。

那个熟悉的招商局集团又来了。

2017年12月，斯里兰卡高调地举行交接仪式，将汉班托塔港的管理权正式转交给招商局集团。

中国中央电视台、新华社对本次活动进行全程报道之后，全球媒体广为转载。

世界上最空闲的机场--汉班托塔国际机场

仅仅两周之后，印度提出建议，以2.05亿美元收购该机场70%的股份，为期40年。

2.05亿美元的数字很有意思，正好和机场的建设费相当。

很显然，这是斯里兰卡内部人士有意提前透露给了印度。

而中国公司的投标方案，因为“报价太高”被淘汰。

印度终于主动跳进了“坑”里，将被作为大米临时仓库的机场，用来盯梢17公里外的汉班托塔港。

不仅如此，印度领事馆也在汉班托塔成立。

在斯里兰卡和招商局集团的合力帮助下，这座世界上最空闲的机场，迎来了它的新主人--印度。

之四：科伦坡港的中国潜艇

2011年，中国招商局集团与斯里兰卡签署协议，在科伦坡港建设国际集装箱码头，中方占股85％。

2013年７月，集装箱码头开始运营。

截止到2017年，科伦坡港的连通性排名迅速上升为全球第13位，集装箱码头吞吐量超过三分之一。

中国潜艇停靠科伦坡集装箱码头

集装箱码头开通后，中国军舰开始频频出现在科伦坡港。

2014年8月中旬，中国登陆舰长白山舰和导弹护卫舰运城舰在科伦坡集装箱码头停靠。

9月7日至14日，中国039型潜艇长城329号和长兴岛号救援舰停靠科伦坡港集装箱码头。时值日本首相安倍晋三访问斯里兰卡。

10月31日至11月6日，中国潜艇和长兴岛号救援舰再次停靠科伦坡集装箱码头。时值越南总理阮晋勇访问印度。

外媒评论，中国军舰总是很“巧合”地选择时间停靠科伦坡港，意味深长。

2016年7月19日，斯里兰卡正式同意中国海军船只在科伦坡港停靠。

2018年11月29日，中国港湾公司承接了新工程：改扩建科伦坡港贾亚集装箱码头。

“铜陵”号改装而成的斯里兰卡护卫舰

2019年7月8日，中国援赠斯里兰卡的护卫舰P625抵达科伦坡港。

斯里兰卡海军总人数约为五万人，在具备战斗实力的四艘护卫舰中，“铜陵”号综合性能最好。

中国军舰和潜艇都停靠在了科伦坡港，印度通过购买机场监视汉班托塔港的计划落空了。

之五：科伦坡港口城的停工

2014年，中国交建与斯里兰卡国家港务局签署协议，共同开发科伦坡港口城。

港口城位于科伦坡国际集装箱码头毗邻海域，紧靠科伦坡商务中心。

2014年9月17日，由中国港湾公司负责的港口城269公顷填海造地工程开工。

填海造地后，108公顷土地将归中国交建所有。

2015年1月8日，斯里兰卡举行大选，“亲中”总统拉贾帕克萨落选，西里塞纳成为新总统。

2015年3月5日，斯里兰卡暂停了35个投资项目，其中28项是中国的，包括科伦坡港口城项目。

港口城填海工程总投资约14亿美元，中国港湾要求赔偿1.4亿美元。

2016年8月2日，斯里兰卡与中国港湾达成协议，取消20公顷中方永久产权，另外增加2公顷土地作为补偿，租赁时间99年。

2016年9月，科伦坡港口城复工后，中国四艘超大型挖泥船昼夜施工。

2019年1月16日，吹填土地全部完工。

科伦坡港口城填海造地工程

2019年11月18日，戈塔巴雅·拉贾帕克萨就任斯里兰卡新总统。

新总统举贤不避亲，任命他的哥哥、前总统马欣达为总理，另一位兄长查马尔同时兼任几个部长，上演三个亲兄弟组成的“兄弟连”管理一个国家的奇观。

2009年，中国超过日本和印度，成为斯里兰卡的最大贷款国，贷款金额50亿美元。

中国企业参与了斯里兰卡90%以上的大型项目,和50%以上的基建项目。

2016年，中国超越印度，成为斯里兰卡最重要的贸易伙伴，双边贸易额达到45.6亿美元。

尼泊尔篇

之一：珠穆朗玛峰的国界划分

新中国成立后，针对珠穆朗玛峰主权问题，和尼泊尔发生了争议。

中国和尼泊尔都宣称对珠峰拥有主权。

1953年5月29日，尼泊尔登山队员从南坡登顶珠峰。

之后，针对中国提出将珠峰一分为二的建议，尼泊尔回答说：

“自己的山都没登上去，凭什么说是你的？”

中国登山队第一次攀爬珠峰（历史影像）

1956年，中国登山队在苏联的帮助下成立。

1960年3月，中国登山队200多人，在海拔5200米的珠峰脚下建立了大本营。

3月25日，登山队物质保障人员先行出发。

5月17日，19名登山队员从大本营正式出发。

从大本营到海拔6400米，再到7007米，最后到达8500米营地，已有50多人冻伤，2名随行科考人员遇难。

5月24日上午9点多，4名突击队员向顶峰挺进。

中午12点多，到达到海拔8680米处。

按照英国人的描述，这里是“飞鸟也绝对逾越不了的地方”。

傍晚，到达海拔8700米。

队员刘连满体力耗尽，无法继续前行。在雪山之巅，他写下遗书：

“我没有完成任务......这里是你们留给我的氧气瓶和糖，你们用吧，或许它能帮助你们早点下山。把胜利的消息带给祖国人民，永别了！”

1960年5月25日，凌晨4点20分，中国登山队员王富洲、屈银华、贡布，将一面五星红旗，和一座白色毛主席半身雕像带上了珠穆朗玛峰峰顶。

中国人第一次站上珠峰，就创造了人类第一次从珠峰北坡登顶的历史。

幸运的是，三名登顶队员下山后，与刘连满顺利会合。手捧遗书，四个男人抱头痛哭。

（从左至右）屈银华、贡布、王富洲

1961年秋，尼泊尔国王访华，就珠峰主权问题，与中国达成协议：

峰顶南部划归尼泊尔，峰顶北部划归中国。

关于中国攀登珠峰的一个插曲是，1960年5月，在中国从北坡攀爬珠峰的同时，印度登山队也从南坡向珠峰挺进。

在海拔8625米时，天气突变，暴风雪滚滚而来，印度登山队知难而退。

之二：中尼公路

由于历史的原因，尼泊尔受印度影响较深。

印度不仅控制了尼泊尔的经济命脉，还在尼泊尔直接征兵。

1962年10月20日,中印边界自卫反击战打响。11月21日，以中国大胜结束。

中国的胜利让尼泊尔看见了摆脱印度控制的可能。

中尼公路

1963年7月，中尼公路动工。

公路起点在拉萨，经日喀则，由樟木口岸进入尼泊尔，终点是尼泊尔首都加德满都。

1967年5月，中尼公路全线通车。

有了连接中国的中尼公路，尼泊尔开始了逐步摆脱印度的行动。

1969年，尼泊尔向印度提出要求，撤走派驻加德满都的印度军事代表团，以及北部边境哨所的印度军队。

......

2002年，美国以反恐为名，开始介入尼泊尔内战。

中国很清楚：美国的意图，就是在中国边境加强干涉力量。

2003 年，中国突然投入大量资金和人力，对中尼公路进行改扩建，2006 年全部完工。

随后，中国支援尼泊尔的各种物资，通过中尼公路，源源不断地进入尼泊尔。

（这个时期的精彩博弈，文章后面有详述。）

2015年10月，由于不满尼泊尔通过新宪法，印度对尼泊尔实施“非正式禁运”汽柴油。

半年前才遭受8.1级地震打击的尼泊尔，经济几乎瘫痪。全国2900万人口的日常生活，受到严重影响。

尼泊尔紧急向中国采购1000吨汽油，通过中尼公路运输回国，解了燃眉之急。

这是尼泊尔第一次向中国采购汽油。

在印度的支持下，尼泊尔南部的印度裔居民还借此上街闹事，引发局势一度混乱。

如果说，中印边境战争是尼泊尔转向中国的拐点，那么这次汽油禁运事件，印度则直接把尼泊尔推到了中国的怀里。

中尼公路上的中国援尼装甲车

2017年2月13日，中国支援尼泊尔的大批轻型轮式装甲车，通过中尼公路，驶向尼泊尔加德满都。

4月15日，中尼两军联合训练在加德满都举行，代号“珠峰友谊-2017”，为期10天。

这是中尼第一次开展联合军事训练。

2018年9月，中尼“珠峰友谊-2018”特种部队联合训练在成都举行。

2019年8月，中尼“珠峰友谊-2019”特种部队联合训练在加德满都举行。

中尼联合训练的目的，印度自然很清楚。

中尼公路的战略意义，也不言而喻。

之三：三个“共产党”管理的尼泊尔

1940年代末，尼泊尔共产党在印度成立。

1960年代初，中苏关系破裂，尼泊尔共产党也分为亲苏的“温和派”，和亲中的“激进派”。

后来，温和派逐渐势微。激进派发展壮大后，又分出多个互相独立的共产党派别。主要有三个大派：

1989年，尼泊尔联合共产党（毛主义）成立。

1991年，尼泊尔共产党(联合马列)成立。

1994年，尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）成立。

1991年，苏联解体后，世界共产主义运动陷入低潮，但尼泊尔共产党却在发展壮大，令人刮目相看。

不仅如此，1994年11月，尼泊尔共产党（联合马列）通过议会选举的和平方式，在一个信奉宗教的王国执政，引起世界瞩目。

轮流执政

2008年5月，尼泊尔废除君主制，将国体改为联邦民主共和国后，这三个共产党派别开始轮流（联合）执政。

尼泊尔共产党(联合马列)：

2009.05--2010.06,

2011.02--2011.08,

2015.10--2016.08，

2018.02--至今。

尼泊尔联合共产党（毛主义）：

2011.08--2013.03。

尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）：

2008.08--2009.04，

2016.08--2017.06。

其中，2016年5月19日，尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）合并其它10个尼泊尔共产党小派别，组成新的政党：尼泊尔共产党(毛主义中心)。

2018年2月19日，尼泊尔共产党(联合马列)和尼泊尔共产党(毛主义中心)宣布合并，党派名字为“尼泊尔共产党”。

各自为政的几个共产党派别，终于改回了原来的名字：尼泊尔共产党。

之四：强势的普拉昌达

1994年，普拉昌达成立了尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）后，进入尼泊尔山区，“展开人民战争，走农村包围城市的武装道路”。

他喊出的口号是，“消除种姓、地区、宗教、妇女歧视”，得到底层百姓的拥护。

他发展的游击队，对外名称为“尼泊尔人民解放军”，正规士兵3万人，民兵10万人。

尼泊尔人民解放军

2002年，美国将这个派别列为恐怖组织，并向尼泊尔提供军事和经济援助。

2005年2月23日，中国外交部发言人刘建超表示：

“这个派别与中国毫无关系，而且他们盗用中国人民的伟大领袖毛泽东的名字，我们感到愤慨。”

中国表态之后，2005年11月，在尼泊尔新国王贾南德拉的引荐下，中国成为“南亚地区合作联盟”的观察员国，开始介入南亚事务。

2005年前后，正是美国和西方发动“颜色革命”的鼎盛时期。

在美国和印度的支持下，七个反对党结成“七党联盟”，成为除尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）之外的第二个反王室势力。

美国特意为“七党联盟”举行“政治领导发展项目”培训班。

2006年4月，尼泊尔主要城市和乡镇出现了大规模反国王示威运动。

为了掣肘“七党联盟”，在中国的建议下，普拉昌达开始和“七党联盟”谈判。

2006年11月21日，普拉昌达同“七党联盟”签署和平协议，结束了长达十多年的尼泊尔内战。

2008年8月15日，普拉昌达当选“尼泊尔联邦民主共和国”首任总理。

仅仅一周之后，8月23日，普拉昌达就飞往北京参加奥运会闭幕式，打破了尼泊尔领导人上任后首先访问印度的惯例。

2008年8月25日，普拉昌达在北京参观植物研究所

2009年4月，普拉昌达辞去总理职务。

2011年初，普拉昌达发起“反印度运动”，要求印度归还“掠夺的尼泊尔领土”。

2016年8月3日，普拉昌达再次担任尼泊尔总理。

2018年2月19日，合并后“尼泊尔共产党”，成为尼泊尔第一大政党，普拉昌达和现任总理奥利联合担任主席。

可以预见的是，普拉昌达还会第三次担任尼泊尔总理。

据说，在普拉昌达办公桌上，摆放了系着红领巾的毛泽东铜像。墙上，挂着马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林与毛泽东的肖像。

之五：联合国军事监督团的撤离

2007年1月，在美国的支持下，联合国决定向尼泊尔派驻一个由20个国家组成的军事监督团。

尼泊尔是中国的邻国，军事监督团驻扎在尼泊尔，目标自然是针对中国。

关于军事监督团在尼泊尔的驻扎时间，除中国坚持半年时间外，其余国家都同意一年为期。

最后结果是，第一期为一年，如果有延期，则每次以半年为限。

不过，后来的事态发展，却出乎美国的意料之外。

第一批成员来自日本、英国、克罗地亚等国，共186名军事观察员和约60名文职人员，其中包括5名日本自卫队成员。

一年期限未到，不等军事监督团发话，尼泊尔就把延期申请直接递交给联合国。

监督团乘坐的飞机坠毁

第一次延期后，2008年3月4日，联合国监督团乘坐的俄罗斯米-8直升机在尼泊尔撞山坠毁，机上七名监督团成员及三名机组成员丧生。

一周之后，幸存的俄罗斯机械师自杀身亡。

几个月后，第二次延期申请又被提交给联合国。

不过，这次申请被批准的同时，联合国为了节约费用，缩小了监督团规模。

接着是第三次、第四次......

2010年12月9日，对尼泊尔实在忍无可忍的美国，通过其常驻联合国代表发表声明，将停止延长联合国尼泊尔监督团的工作。

2011年1月15日，联合国监督团成员全部撤离尼泊尔。

美国通过插手尼泊尔事务干涉中国的计划落空。

之六：为什么中国能与各执政党和谐相处？

这和缅甸密松水电站事件有关。

2011年，中国在缅甸建设的密松水电站，被缅甸总统无限期叫停。中国企业前期投资超过73亿人民币，每年还有3亿元的财务和维护费用。

密松水电站事件后，中国的外交政策开始发生改变：

中国在和执政党搞好关系的同时，也和反对派保持正常的交往。

所以，尼泊尔无论谁哪个党派上台，中国都可以从容应对。

更何况，是三个共产党派别轮流执政。

即将完工的博卡拉国际机场

随着中尼贸易的迅速发展，原有的中尼公路已经远远不能满足要求。

2014年，中国西藏航空公司和尼泊尔一家公司共同投资，成立喜马拉雅航空公司。

2016年4月13日，中工国际公司承建的尼泊尔博卡拉国际机场正式开工。

在开发航空、机场建设的同时，中国的强势之一--水电站项目也没有闲着。

2018年2月底，尼泊尔将最大的布达甘达基水电站工程，重新交还给中国葛洲坝集团，投资总额为25亿美元。而尼泊尔2018年GDP总额才288亿美元。

不得不说，这是一个很有眼光的决策。

2019年8月28日，位于印度贾坎德邦的“印度三峡大坝”，在启用22小时后，发生溃坝，造成35个村庄被淹没。

这座修建了42年，耗资22亿元人民币的大坝，垮塌的原因被印度归咎于老鼠洞。

而尼泊尔前任总理，在第一次取消布达甘达基水电站工程之后，原准备交给印度承建。

尼泊尔选择相信中国，中国自然也会为尼泊尔打开方便之门。

2018年9月7日，中国和尼泊尔签署协议，允许尼泊尔使用中国4个海港和3个陆港进行国际贸易。

4个海港城市是：天津、深圳、连云港、湛江。

3个陆港城市是：兰州、拉萨、日喀则。

7个中国港口的开通，打破了印度对尼泊尔对外贸易运输的长期垄断格局。

中尼铁路（规划）从吉隆口岸入境尼泊尔

当然，这还远远不够。

2019年04月16日，中国海外工程公司负责的尼泊尔巴瑞巴贝引水隧道贯通，总长12.2公里。

这个工程的意义在于，它采用双护盾隧道掘进机，全球首次穿越了喜马拉雅山脉，为中尼铁路的施工提供了宝贵的经验。

2019年4月25日-27日，“一带一路”高峰论坛在北京召开，中国将吉隆--加德满都的中尼铁路列为重点项目，总长170公里。

中尼铁路建成之后，将成为世界上海拔最高的铁路。

阿富汗篇

之一：十个小时完成的边境谈判

中国和阿富汗的边境谈判，可能是世界上用时最短的。

1895年，俄国和英国为了避免直接发生冲突，私下签署协议，在清朝属地的瓦罕帕米尔地盘上，人为地分出一条狭长的“瓦罕走廊”，划给阿富汗，作为缓冲地带。

1949年底,新疆和平解放后,解放军来到瓦罕走廊边境，替换下仍然坚守驻防的国民党士兵。

1955年1月20日，中国与阿富汗建交。

1963年，中国和阿富汗开始边界谈判。

当时，中国的想法过于理想：

“中国和阿富汗都是遭受帝国主义侵略的国家，阿富汗是一个小国，与中国和平相处。中国对阿富汗应给予必要的照顾。”

瓦罕走廊

在这样的指导思想下，中国没有过多地考虑历史，直接承认了“瓦罕走廊”。

所以，中阿边境谈判，仅仅用了10个小时。

1963年11月22日，时任中国外交部长陈毅，在北京签署中阿边境条约。

中阿边境线很短，只有92公里。

边境线以西，阿富汗境内的瓦罕走廊长约300公里。

边境线以东，中国境内的瓦罕走廊，被称为“葱岭古道”，长约100公里，平均宽度大约3-5公里。

边境划分之后，中国全面封闭了中阿边境线，时至今日。

之二：援阿抗苏的中国骡子和驴

1979年12月，苏军出动8万军队，大规模入侵阿富汗。

曾经深陷越南战争的美国，自然会利用这个机会拖住苏联，希望把阿富汗变成第二个越南。

当时美国和苏联处于冷战时期，美国不方便亲自出马，就想到了中国。

而10个月前的中国，刚刚教训完苏联支持的越南。对于美国的意图，中国心领神会。

由于美苏军事协议的限制，1985年以前，美国武器不能出现在阿富汗战场。

于是，美国在全世界大量收购苏制武器，埃及、以色列、巴基斯坦......

但是，对于65万平方公里上的3000万阿富汗人来说，武器远远不够。

美国再次想到了中国。

中国的武器大多仿制苏联，价格低廉，生产能力充足。

苏阿战争期间，美国采购了近10亿美元的中国武器提供给阿富汗。

但是，新的问题也来了。

由于交通要道和制空权被苏军控制，大批武器装备无法正常运输。

美国想到了驴，并一度计划从美国空运几千头驴到阿富汗。

但是，美国的驴可能不适应中亚地区，而且运输成本太高。

美国又想到了中国。

运输队

于是，两年时间，美国出钱，中国西北地区的几千头骡子和驴成了战略物资。

这些骡子和驴，进入巴基斯坦后，再驮上各式装备物资，深夜潜入阿富汗。

这些装备的受援者，就是抗击苏联的阿富汗“圣战”组织，其中包括后来的基地组织领导人本·拉登。

中国提供的武器，包括56式冲锋枪、反步兵地雷，40毫米反坦克火箭筒和国产红缨-5肩射防空导弹等。

这些武器操作简单，保养方便，正适合文化较低的阿富汗游击队员。

十年战争期间，有近10万游击队员在巴基斯坦接受训练。

为了教会这些游击队员使用中国武器，中国也派出了相应的武器专家。

同时，中国军事顾问也顺便传授了一些关于游击战的战术经验。

就这样，阿富汗圣战组织依靠灵活的游击战术，在山区和苏联硬抗了十年的“持久战”。

美国在中国的监测站

1984年，针对美国的“星球大战”计划，苏联在塔吉克斯坦（原苏联）实施“7680工程”，建设“努列克”太空观测站，也称为“天窗”。

美国终于站上台面，公开指责苏联违背美苏“太空非军事化”协议。

为了应对苏联，美国还是想到了中国。

苏联的“天窗”设施

于是，美国在中国也建设了一个监测站，不仅监视在阿富汗的苏军，后来还观察苏联在哈萨克斯坦（原苏联）的拜科努尔航天中心。

1989年，由于中美关系出现波折，美国监测站被撤销。

1989年2月15日，苏军撤出阿富汗。

战争期间，阿富汗130万人丧生，500多万人流亡国外。

苏联先后有150多万军人在阿富汗作战，累计伤亡5万余人。

巧合的是，从1979年2月开始，中国对越自卫反击战开始。1989年9月，失去苏联支持的越南，主动停战，结束了延续十年的中越边境轮战。

1991年，苏联解体，世界哗然。

关于苏联解体的原因，至今众说纷纭。

有专家分析，从外部因素来说，中国直接参与的对越边境轮战，和间接参与的苏阿战争，也算是其中的一个原因。

之三：顽强的塔利班

1994年，成立之初的塔利班只有800人。

1996年至2001年，塔利班在阿富汗建立全国性政权。

2001年，“911”事件后，美国军队进入阿富汗，塔利班转入山区，又开始了熟悉的游击战。

塔利班的主要成员，大部分是在抗击苏联的战争中成长起来的，又经过阿富汗内战的洗礼，战争经验非常丰富。

这不过，这一次的对手变成了美国，但军事实力排名还是没有变。（1980年代，苏联军事实力强于美国。）

当然，时间也变长了，从赶走苏联的十年，变成了赶走美国的将近20年。

塔利班武装队员

中国介入阿富汗反恐

2011年，美国开始从阿富汗逐步撤军。

从这个时候起，中国就已经开始思考阿富汗的未来了。

2012年6月7日，上海合作组织吸收阿富汗成为观察员国。

按照北约的评价，上合组织实际上是一个准军事组织。

之所以只允许阿富汗成为观察员国而不是正式成员国，一方面是因为阿富汗境内有ISIS恐怖组织，另外一方面，也是避免引发美国和北约的反感。

2014年底，北约联军大规模撤离阿富汗。

之后，中国越过经济领域，开始介入阿富汗反恐。

2016年，中国同意帮助阿富汗在巴达赫尚省组建“山地旅”，以提高反恐能力。

其中，中国石家庄陆军学院负责接收阿富汗军官，系统培训特种作战能力。

2016年7月3日，首批中国援阿反恐武器装备抵达阿富汗。

主动接触中国的塔利班

2007年7月19日，塔利班绑架了在阿富汗的23名韩国人。

7月25日和30日，其中的两名韩国人被塔利班枪杀。

和韩国人被枪杀不同的是，中国企业员工的结局却完全不同。

2008年6月29日，中国铁建公司员工盛建慧，在阿富汗喀布尔被塔利班绑架。

在中国各界的全方位营救下，7月27日，盛建慧被释放。

塔利班的选择性做法，为后来和中国的接触埋下了伏笔。

阿富汗总统加尼在北京接受采访

2014年10月底，上任一个月的阿富汗新总统加尼访问北京。

11月，塔利班代表也主动来到北京，开始接触中国。

中国前后与阿富汗执政者和反对派见面的消息，很快传播到世界各地。

其实，这对中国来说，已经不是什么新鲜的做法了。

2011年缅甸密松水电站之后，中国开始接触缅甸当时最大的反对派领导人昂山素季。4年之后，她领导的政党赢得缅甸大选。

尼泊尔内战结束之后，尼泊尔政权频繁更迭，三个共产党派别轮流执政。由于中国和尼泊尔各个政党一直保持正常往来，中尼关系反而越走越近。

这一次，对于中国来说，只不过是换了一个国家的名字而已。

而后来的事态发展，也再一次证明中国的战略眼光。

2016年7月18日，塔利班高级代表团访问中国。

2019年6月20日，塔利班首席谈判代表巴拉达尔拜访中国。

9月22日，巴拉达尔再次拜访中国。

中国为什么突然和塔利班密切接触？

2018年10月，美国转变思路，开始与塔利班谈判。

谈判进展并不顺利，九轮谈判期间，双方边打边谈。

美国和塔利班的双边谈判，并没有包括阿富汗执政当局，引起阿富汗的强烈不满。

对于中国来说，这个谈判是以美国为主导的，并不符合中国的利益。

而且，从2018年3月开始，中美贸易战逐渐升温，中美关系出现裂痕。

中国希望主动参与和引导阿富汗的和平进程，而不仅仅在美国主导的谈判中进行调解。

中国提出的“阿人主导、阿人所有”的主张，也更符合阿富汗政府和塔利班的要求。

塔利班代表团参加卡塔尔和谈

2020年2月29日，美国和塔利班签署和平协议：

美国军队将在14个月内撤出阿富汗。

截至2018年10月，美军阵亡近2300人，直接耗资9千亿美元。死于战火的阿富汗人超过3万。

美国从越南战争的泥潭中爬出来，将苏联拖在阿富汗，而自己最后又跳入了阿富汗的“帝国坟场”。

身为越南和阿富汗的邻国，中国一直在旁边“冷静”地观察。

之四：中国在阿富汗的投资

与苏联和美国不同的是，中国并未直接参与在阿富汗的两场战争。

按照外媒的评论，中国更关心阿富汗的战后重建工作。

阿富汗黄金、铜、铁矿石、石油等资源储量巨大，价值近3万亿美元。

2007年，中国冶金与江西铜业联合中标阿富汗艾娜克铜矿，总金额35亿美元。

该矿是世界第二大未开发铜矿，含铜总量近1100万吨，是中国铜总储量的三分之一。

按标书要求，中方除了为阿富汗建设一座400兆瓦的热电厂外，阿富汗也需要把连接巴基斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的700公里铁路交由中国建造。

为了得到这个铜矿，中冶公司的项目经理孙长胜付出了生命的代价。

2003年2月25日，孙长胜陪同阿富汗矿业和工业部长前往巴基斯坦，由于“塞斯纳”小型客机坠毁，机上8人全部遇难。

2010年，阿富汗首次进行油田招标，中石油公司中标。

原油开采以后，中石油将帮助阿富汗修建一座价值3亿美元的炼油厂。

2017年1月8日，中国路桥公司与阿富汗签署合同，负责阿富汗“国家南北走廊”第二段公路的修复与改造，全长178公里，金额2.05亿美元。

......

从2001年到2018年底，中国为阿富汗提供了总计35亿人民币的无偿援助。

针对外媒“中国才是阿富汗战争最大赢家”的评论，中国一直强调:

中国愿继续以一己之力帮助邻国，履行一个发展中大国应尽的责任。

以色列篇

之一：“河豚计划”

1903年前后，俄国开始大规模排挤犹太人，一部分犹太人来到中国东北。

1904年日俄战争期间，美国犹太社团筹集了2000万美元，向日本提供援助，俄国战败。

1931年，“九·一八事变”后，日本侵占中国东北三省。

善于经营的犹太人，也投入大量资金参与日本在东北的建设，引发日本的关注。

1934年，日本外交刊物发表文章“一项邀请5万德国犹太人来满洲国的计划”，也引起在正在全球遭受迫害的犹太人的关注。

哈尔滨犹太人建筑分布图

1937年12月，远东犹太社区第一次会议在哈尔滨马迭尔宾馆举行，并向全球犹太组织发出宣言：

“我们将与日本和满洲国合作以建立亚洲新秩序。我们向我们的共同宗教信仰者要求帮助以平等对待和在东北建立犹太国承诺为条件。”

1938年，五位日本最高官员召开五相会议，批准“河豚计划”：

在中国建立一个“犹太人居留地”，先安置3万名犹太难民，美国犹太财团承担1亿美元的安置费；

吸引犹太资本，改善与西方国家的关系。

计划破产

1939年，苏联与德国签订互不侵犯条约后，先后吞并了波罗的海国家，基本阻断了犹太人从欧洲进入日本的路线。

1940年9月27日，德国、意大利和日本三国签署《同盟条约》，成为轴心国，日本对这一计划的官方支持被排除。

1941年夏天，大约三千名从欧洲逃亡日本神户的犹太人，被强制迁往上海。

上海虹口犹太人纪念馆

1941年12月，日本袭击美国珍珠港之后，美国犹太人社团发表申明：

任何与日本合作的犹太人都是卖国分子。

随后，美国犹太社团中断了对中国犹太人的资金援助。

1942年，无奈之下的日本废除了“河豚计划”。

1943年2月18日，日本强迫上海犹太人迁入虹口区的“无国籍难民隔离区”。

1945年，日本宣布战败之后，犹太人放弃在中国建国的计划，离开东北。

之二：中国和以色列的军事合作

1994年4月1日，禁止向社会主义国家出口敏感军事技术的“巴黎统筹组织”解散。

2年前刚刚和中国建交的以色列，虽然并非巴统成员国，但却迅速开始和中国进行军事合作。

以色列是当时向中国公开提供先进军事技术的少数几个国家之一。

哈比无人机

1994年，中国和以色列签署协议，以5500万美元购买以色列120套哈比无人机。

哈比无人机号称“雷达杀手”，能够从卡车上发射，自主攻击雷达系统。

2004年12月，美国得知哈比无人机被运回以色列进行技术升级的情报后，要求以色列将无人机扣留。

虽然以色列坚称哈比无人机是自行设计，与美国技术无关，但权衡之后，2005年，以色列还是将“没有升级”的哈比无人机返还给了中国。

“哈比无人机”发射瞬间

歼10飞机

1994年，中国开始建造歼10原型机。

1998年3月23日，歼10首飞成功。

2003年，歼-10正式交付部队。

针对歼10过于顺利的研制过程，有西方媒体认为，歼10是在以色列“狮”式战机的基础上发展起来的。

1979年，以色列以窃取的法国“幻影”飞机的全套设计资料为基础，与美国合作，开始研制“狮”式战机。

后来，以色列不断提高要求，导致研制费用飙升到20亿美元。

1987年8月，在美国的压力下，以色列停止研制计划。

由此，西方媒体推论：

以色列很可能把相关资料，出售给了中国，换取部分研发费用。

中国技术人员参观“狮”式战斗机

对于这种说法，中国和以色列一直表示沉默。

也有专家评论说:

无论从飞机外形尺寸，还是作战功能，歼10和“狮”式战斗机都明显不同。

至于明显提升的综合性能，顶多是参考了“狮”的部分设计思想和子系统。

预警机事件

1997年5月，中国、以色列、俄罗斯签订协议，由俄罗斯提供机身，以色列负责安装“费尔康”预警系统后，将成型的预警机出售给中国。

2000年7月，在美国的压力下，以色列宣布，暂停向中国出售预警机计划。

经过多次谈判，以色列赔偿中国3.5亿美金。

2002年，中国从接收的拆除雷达探测设备的四架俄罗斯飞机上，“意外”地发现了“无法拆除”的部分“费尔康”系统和其他机载电子设备。

2003年11月，加装中国自主机载雷达系统的空警-2000首飞成功。

空警-200预警机

同年，中国开始研制以运8飞机为机身的空警-200预警机。

2004年10月28日，空警-200首飞成功，2006年1月交付部队。

2006年6月3日，第二架空警-200飞经安徽时，不幸撞山坠落，包括两位将军、五名军事科研专家、五名试飞员在内的40名乘机人员，无一生还。

这起严重的空难，对中国的预警机专家队伍造成严重的打击。

空难之后，中国出台政策，禁止军队和国防科研单位重点项目正副负责人同乘一架飞机。

8年之后的2014年，新一代预警机空警-500才加入空军现役。

自古英雄多磨难。中国每一个重大的科技进步，背后都有血泪的付出。

之三：中国在以色列的投资

以发展科技为立国之本的以色列，人口只有不到900万，亟需中国参与以色列的大型基础设施建设。

海法港新码头

2015年，以色列交通部和上海港务集团签署协议，中方投入20亿美元，将海法港建设成以色列最大的深水港口。

新码头计划2021年投入使用，将由中方租用25年。

美国军舰经常造访这个以色列最大的港口城市，停靠地点就在离海法港口不远的以色列海军基地。

针对美国提出的中国可能监视海军基地的言论，以色列专家驳斥说：

“中国租一套公寓就可以做到的事情，难道还需要修建一个码头来做吗？”

海法港夜景

特拉维夫轻轨

特拉维夫轻轨项目，是以色列最大的基础设施建设项目，其中一期工程也被称为红线工程，造价近200亿元人民币。

以色列以BOT方式招标，特许经营期限32年。

2015年5月20日，中铁隧道局集团联营体中标，成为轻轨红线西标段隧道总承包商。

2017年11月，中国铁建、中土集团、深圳地铁集团，与以色列公交公司组成联合体，中标轻轨红线运营维护项目。

2018年3月27日，中铁隧道局集团与中铁电气化局集团组成联营体，成为轻轨红线铺轨及机电系统工程总承包商，金额45亿元人民币。

中国企业不仅主导了轻轨的建设工程，还首次打破了西方对发达国家城市轨道交通系统的运营垄断历史。

“红海-地中海”高铁

2013年10月，以色列批准了“红海—地中海”高铁规划。

该铁路将红海港口城市埃拉特，和地中海港口海法相连，全长350公里，设计时速250公里，客、货混运。

建成后，海运货物可绕过苏伊士运河，最后运抵欧洲。

不过，由于苏伊士运河在埃及境内，铁路修通后，必将对埃及经济造成较大影响，项目被暂时搁置。

中国企业曾积极参与该高铁项目的设计方案。

“红海—地中海”高铁规划图

之四：为什么以色列相信中国？

以色列和周边的阿拉伯国家，打了五次中东战争，可谓“一面靠海，三面环敌”。

而中国在外交上，选择支持阿拉伯国家和巴勒斯坦。

对于中国的外交言辞，以色列非常理解。

以色列很清楚，自己是一个小国，在国际事务上影响甚微。

而中国是联合国的五常之一，一举一动，牵动世界神经。

所以，以生意见长的以色列人，大多在经济和商贸领域与中国开展合作。

至于部分军事技术和武器的交易，也是游走在灰色地带。

美国敲打一下，以色列就往后退一步。美国不说，以色列就往前进一步。

后来，以色列也学聪明了，有些涉及军事方面的技术，干脆就以工业应用的名义在中国推广。

比如，明明是用于战机驾驶员的以色列头盔技术，在中国被改名为“工业场景里的可视化应用”。

至于基础设施建设，以色列更是大胆地选择中国，一方面是这涉及到以色列今后的经济转型问题，另外一方面也是为了用中国来制衡美国。

......

几十年来，中国在以色列的投资大幅增长：

1992年两国建交时，中国的投资只有5000万美元。2019年，中国的投资总额累计将近200亿美元。

中国已经成为以色列的第二大投资来源国，仅次于美国。

2019年，中以贸易总额约为156亿美元，其中，以色列对华出口额同比增长近50%，半导体飙升近80%。

2020年，历经四年的中以自由贸易协议谈判，按照以色列公布的消息，也将开花结果。

乌克兰篇

之一：中国和乌克兰的军事合作

如果说，苏联解体后，俄罗斯是中国军事工业发展的最大支持者，那么乌克兰就排名第二。

乌克兰“三舰客”

乌克兰拥有苏联的三大海军舰船科研基地，造船产能占苏联的四分之一。

1991年苏联解体后，正在乌克兰建造的部分军舰和船舶被迫停工。

对于这个千载难逢的机会，中国立即出手援助，成就了后来的乌克兰“三剑客”。

1.“雪龙”号破冰船

1993年3月，中国以1750万美元从乌克兰购买维他斯·白令级破冰船，经过改造后，成为中国第一艘极地科考船“雪龙号”。

“雪龙”号破冰船

2.“青海湖”号综合补给舰

1993年，中国从乌克兰购买尚未完工的该舰后，由大连造船厂负责改建。

1996年，该舰加入南海舰队，成为中国第一艘最大的综合补给舰，排水量3.7万吨。

3.“瓦良格”号航空母舰

1999年，中国购买瓦良格号后，经历几年时间拖回大连。

按照乌克兰提供的设计图纸，瓦良格号经过多年续建，成为中国第一艘航空母舰“辽宁号”。

被拆成空壳的瓦良格号

在购买过程中，中国“明修栈道，暗度陈仓”。

当时，“乌克兰号”巡洋舰接近完工，中国对这艘万吨巨轮表现出来的志在必得的态度，引起美国和西方国家的阻挠。

无奈之下，中国只好“委屈就全”地购买了已经被拆成空壳的瓦良格号。

“欧洲野牛”气垫登陆舰

2009年，中国向乌克兰订购数量4艘“欧洲野牛”大型气垫船。

“欧洲野牛”是当今世界上最大的气垫登陆舰，可携载3辆T-80型主战坦克，或140名作战人员及装备。

“欧洲野牛”气垫登陆舰

“双引工程”和“友谊奖”

1991年，在和乌克兰开展军事设备合作的同时，中国也启动了“双引工程”，大量引进独联体国家的人才和技术。

截止到2002年底，中国从俄罗斯以及其他独联体国家大约引进上万名专家，2000多个技术项目。

乌克兰自然是中国照顾的重点地区。

仅2006年，来中国交流的乌克兰专家就有150批次，2000多人次。

同时，为了表彰突出贡献的国外专家，中国还设立了国家和省级“友谊奖”，乌克兰有3名专家都相继获得了国家友谊奖。

有外媒评论，苏联解体后，中国的军事工业才是最大的赢家。

中国为什么要和乌克兰进行军事合作？

首先，1991年苏联解体时，乌克兰继承了苏联军工产能的35%，工业体系完备。

乌克兰军工企业多达3594 家，职工超过300万人，而乌克兰人口总数才4200万。

其次，乌克兰独立后，经济状况非常不好。乌克兰将部分武器和装备技术卖出，换取收入度过难关。

同时，对于一些尖端武器，乌克兰为了向西欧发达国家表功，采取了自行销毁的行为。

乌克兰从苏联继承了19架最先进的图-160战略轰炸机，其中8架抵债归还俄罗斯，10架销毁，留下1架供人在公园参观。

被拆毁的图-160轰炸机

2006年1月27日，乌克兰继承的60架图-22轰炸机也全部销毁完毕。

第三，虽然俄罗斯在军事出口方面支持中国，但总是有所保留。

乌克兰因为不和中国接壤，再加上乌克兰对俄罗斯始终保持警惕，所以在对中国的军事出口上，乌克兰的担心较少。

舰载机

中国在改造瓦良格航母的时候，关于舰载机的相关技术，和俄罗斯的谈判并不顺利。

乌克兰却将完整的第3架和第7架T10K舰载原型机，直接提供给中国，帮助中国比较顺利地生产出来歼15舰载机。

液体火箭发动机

苏联的SS-18重型分导式多弹头液体洲际弹道导弹，当时堪称世界最高水平之一。

中国和俄罗斯商谈分享液体火箭发动机技术，俄罗斯拒绝提供先进的RD180火箭发动机技术给中国。

乌克兰却将高配版本RD170的技术提供给中国，加快了中国的东风某型号导弹研制进程。

空中加油机

2008年，中国和俄罗斯签署合同，购买伊尔-78加油机，但俄罗斯迟迟不能供货。

无奈之下，中国只好转向乌克兰。

乌克兰直接以4500万美元提供给中国3架伊尔-78空中加油机。

伊尔-78空中加油机

所以，在乌克兰的武器出口交易中，中国一直是排在前面的几大买家之一。

之二：两次“颜色革命”

第一次

2004年，乌克兰发生颜色革命，代表亲西方势力的尤先科获胜。

由于尤先科使用橙色作为代表色，这场运动也被称为橙色革命。

第二次

2013年11月底，亲俄派总统亚努科维奇拒绝和欧盟签署协议。

之后，在美国和西方的直接支持下，乌克兰亲欧洲派在基辅举行大规模反政府游行。

2014年2月22日，亚努科维奇被议会罢免总统职务。不久，他逃亡俄罗斯。

3月11日，克里米亚议会通过了克里米亚独立宣言。

最后，号称“巧克力大王”的波罗申科，在西方的支持下，当上了总统。

一个国家，十年之内，发生了两次颜色革命，可见乌克兰国内政局之动荡。

中国对乌克兰实行"核保护"

苏联解体时，乌克兰继承了大量核武器。

由于核武器不允许出口，在西方国家的干涉下，乌克兰除将部分核武器运往俄罗斯抵债外，将剩余的核武器和发射装置一同销毁。

乌克兰销毁核发射装置

核武器销毁十多年后，乌克兰并未等来西方承诺的经济援助。

2013年12月3日至6日，内外交困的亚努科维奇对中国进行了国事访问。

之后，中乌发表联合声明：

“中方承诺无条件不对作为无核武器国家的乌克兰使用或威胁使用核武器，并在乌克兰遭到使用核武器的侵略或受到此种侵略威胁的情况下，向乌克兰提供相应安全保证。”

中国第二次对外承诺核保护的国家，居然是曾经的第三大核国家—乌克兰。

为什么中国对乌克兰的颜色革命表示沉默？

有几方面的原因：

第一：乌克兰并不是中国的邻国，而中国的外交政策是不干涉他国内政。

第二：乌克兰以前是俄罗斯的势力范围，而中国又与俄罗斯保持密切往来。

第三：乌克兰是连接西欧和中国的大门，乌克兰保持和欧洲正常的外交关系，符合中国“丝绸之路”的经济发展要求，帮助中国扩大铁路货运出口。

第四：乌克兰虽然重要，但中国不希望影响中国的中东欧整体战略。

2013年全年，中国与中东欧国家总共签署了222亿美元的贷款和投资协议。

中国需要乌克兰，但乌克兰更需要中国。

乌克兰和中国地理位置图

第五：中国对乌克兰总统亚努科维奇并不满意。

2013年之前，中国在乌克兰已经投资上百亿美元。2013年年底，中国又承诺对乌克兰投资80亿美元。

但乌克兰的政局变化动荡，2010年亚努科维奇上台之后也未改观多少，导致中国在乌克兰的投资项目执行得并不顺利。

在亚努科维奇的儿子参与经营的敖德萨“七公里”批发市场里，曾经发生多起针对华人的绑票，后来警察还参与抢劫华人商铺。这些事件加深了中国对亚努科维奇的不满情绪。

简而言之，中国希望乌克兰可以在西欧国家和俄罗斯之间保持平衡外交关系，不能完全倒向一方。

所以，乌克兰在拒绝和欧盟签署协议的时候，中国承诺对乌克兰提供核保护。

俄罗斯支持克里米亚公投，联合国谴责俄罗斯，中国投了弃权票。

公投结果通过之时，中国又支持俄罗斯。

结果就是，曾经作为军事工业强国和核大国的乌克兰，却成为了大国博弈的棋子，几无招架还手之力。

之三：中国最大的海外农场--乌克兰

乌克兰拥有世界上30%的黑土资源，有“欧洲粮仓”的美称。

中国也盯上了这块最大的黑土地。

2011年，中国和乌克兰签署建设中乌农业合作园区的谅解备忘录。

2012年5月25日，中国成套设备公司与中国进出口银行、乌克兰财政部及国家食品粮食集团签订了四方协议，中乌农业开始合作。

2013年6月，新疆生产建设兵团和乌克兰KSG农业公司签订协议，计划租用乌克兰300万公顷良田(大约3万平方公里，乌克兰国土面积60万平方公里)，用于种植粮食和养猪，投资超过26亿美元。

土地租赁为期50年，初期为10万公顷。

这是中国最大的海外农业投资，乌克兰也成为中国最大的海外农场。

2017年12月5日，中国商务部、农业部与乌克兰农业部、经贸部签署“中国-乌克兰投资合作规划”，中国计划在乌克兰农业投资大约100亿美元。

2019年，中国超过印度，成为乌克兰农产品最大进口国，总金额19.55亿美元。

之四：中国在乌克兰的金融投资

由于乌克兰的基础设施比较好，所以这方面中国在乌克兰的投资比较少。

2011年，中国成套在乌克兰获得空中快车国家项目，铺设从乌克兰波利斯波里国际机场至首都基辅的轨道交通。

2017年5月18日，中国港湾公司中标乌克兰南方港粮食码头疏浚项目。

2017年10月，中国新疆交建集团与乌克兰国家公路局签署协议，改造乌克兰的两条干道公路。路段总长约124公里，总金额为9600万美元

2020年5月28日，中车唐山公司中标乌克兰哈尔科夫地铁项目，提供40辆地铁列车。

令人感到意味深长的是，中国在乌克兰的金融行业的投资。

2016年12月，天津渤海商品交易所以300万美元收购乌克兰复兴开发银行，该行成为中国在乌克兰的首家中资银行。

复兴开发银行揭牌仪式

2019年9月27日，复兴开发银行新核心系统上线。

中国和乌克兰的贸易资金往来，将通过中国自己的跨境支付系统CIPS进行交易，不再受美国SWIFT系统的监控。

类似汇丰银行向美国提供华为的交易信息，导致孟晚舟被捕的事件，至少在乌克兰不会重新上演。

很显然，中国对乌克兰的投资已经上升到更高层面，而乌克兰也颇为配合。

2020年3月，天津渤海商品交易所收购乌克兰第一证券交易所49.9%的股权，通过乌克兰证监会审核，正式完成收购。

中国“一带一路”的政策，已经从基础设施建设行业，延伸到金融领域，乌克兰只是一个开始。

2019年，中国超过俄罗斯，成为乌克兰第一大贸易伙伴，贸易总额突破100亿美元。

白俄罗斯篇

白俄罗斯在中国被俗称为“三毛”，俄罗斯、乌克兰被称为“大毛二毛”。

之一：中白军事合作

也许是乌克兰的军事工业过于耀眼，白俄罗斯就显得暗淡很多。

其实，苏联解体后，白俄罗斯保留了坦克和装甲车各3千辆左右，以及接近400架飞机。

当然，和其他独联体国家一样，白俄罗斯也是选择出售这些武器换取收入。

2015年之前，白俄罗斯武器出口额多次排名全球前10。

热成像夜视仪

1971年，苏联军用光电器材开发联合体成立，其热成像和夜视瞄准镜产品较为先进。

苏联解体后，企业由白俄罗斯中央设计局继承。

俄罗斯BMP-3步兵战车安装的激光测距仪瞄准具、T-90S主站坦克安装的热成像仪，均为该企业生产。

中国99式坦克成型后，由于西方国家的禁售，中国坦克因缺乏先进的夜视仪，夜战能力始终薄弱。

后来，经过多次谈判，白俄罗斯将热成像夜视仪技术提供给中国，99式才成为真正的全天候型坦克。

重型轮式特种车辆

中国的导弹技术发展得比较早。但是，伊拉克战争的爆发，促使中国意识到导弹机动性的重要性。

由于缺乏重型特种车辆技术，中国试图向俄罗斯求购，被俄罗斯拒绝。

一个偶然的机会，中国得到了一辆“飞毛腿”导弹的发射车MAZ-543。中国经过一段时间的仿制，产品性能不能满足要求。

不过，也并非完全没有收获。

中国知道了这个发射车的生产厂家，就是大名鼎鼎的白俄罗斯明斯克轮式特种车辆厂。

苏联解体后，它成为全球可以生产军用重型车辆的少数企业之一。

出口国外的中国万山16X16全驱WS-21200运输车

1998年，中国航天与白俄罗斯成立合资企业—三江瓦力特特种车辆有限公司（属航天万山），年产300辆特种载重运输车。

经过十多年的不懈努力，中国已经成为这个行业在世界上的翘楚。

除了满足重型导弹车的军事用途之外，在民用行业更是得到广泛的应用，万山、汉阳、泰山、北奔等厂家齐头并进，有的汽车底盘最高运载能力可以达到120吨。

远程多管火箭炮

2015年6月，白俄罗斯在中国试射“波罗乃兹”300毫米远程多管火箭炮。

“波罗乃兹”火箭炮，其实是在明斯克汽车厂MZKT-7930重型卡车底盘上，安装了中国A-200型8联装300毫米远程火箭炮系统。

“波罗乃兹”火箭炮

火箭炮采用卫星制导/惯性的复合制导方式，使用头体分离技术并实现了机动飞行能力，最小误差不足30米，发射距离超过200公里。

简单的讲，中国与白俄罗斯联合开发的“波罗乃兹”，用的是中国的炮，白俄罗斯的车。

后来，白俄罗斯不仅自己列装了这种武器，还出口到阿塞拜疆等国家。

中国和白俄罗斯的军事合作，从进口到出口，也就用了短短的20年时间。

阅兵式上的中国元素

2019年7月3日，白俄罗斯在首都明斯克举行独立日阅兵式。

白俄罗斯国防部长乘坐中国红旗轿车检阅部队。

白俄罗斯阅兵式上的红旗车

随后，徒步方队接受检阅，其中包括中国解放军仪仗队96名军人。

这是中国军队第二次参加白俄罗斯独立日阅兵。

阅兵式上亮相的中国武器还有：

中国ORV“猛士”型军用越野车，该车由中国东风集团制造。

中国CS/VN-3C轻型轮式装甲车，该车由中国兵装重庆大江工业生产。

很显然，白俄罗斯这样做的目的，就是向制裁白俄罗斯的美国和欧盟表明：

白俄罗斯的背后，是有中国支持的。

之二：为什么白俄罗斯没有发生“颜色革命”？

苏联解体后，白俄罗斯也和其他独联体国家一样，经济陷入崩溃。

不过，1994年3月，卢卡申科当选总统后，采取了不同的政策。

1. 军事上，白俄罗斯坚持推动“俄白一体化”进程。

1995年，白罗斯举行了“俄白经济一体化”的全民公决，支持率高达82.4%。

之后，白俄罗斯与俄罗斯签订了一系列条约：《俄白共同体条约》、《俄白联盟条约》、《俄白联盟国家条约》、《白俄罗斯和俄罗斯统一地区防空体系协定》，保证了白俄罗斯在军事上的安全。

2、经济上，白俄罗斯向中国学习。

卢卡申科提出了建立“白俄特色市场社会主义”的口号：

“实行以国有制为主体、多种所有制并存的混合所有制。建立国家干预与市场调节相结合的经济体系，由国家严格把控私有化改革。”

政策执行以后，白俄罗斯实现了连续12年的经济快速增长，是最快恢复到苏联时期经济水平的独联体国家。

由于该政策明显借鉴中国，卢卡申科被中国老百姓称为“邓申科”。

经济上的成功，使得卢卡申科在白俄罗斯获得了崇高的威望。

2015年8月，卢卡申科第五次当选总统，至今执政白俄罗斯已26年。

2017年，卢瓦申科（右）和儿子（左）在北京

西方制裁和中国援助

西方制裁

在欧盟看来，卢卡申科在白俄罗斯的强权统治阻碍了北约东扩。

在美国看来，白俄罗斯仍然保留了苏联克格勃原班班底，阻碍了美国对在白俄罗斯的独联体总部的侵蚀。

美欧在成功策动格鲁吉亚、乌克兰“颜色革命”后，将目标转向了白俄罗斯。

从2004年开始，美国以违反人权、关押政治犯为由，对白俄罗斯实施了17次制裁。

美国对包括卢卡申科在内的16人实行了旅行禁令到资产冻结，10家白俄罗斯公司被禁止进入美国市场。

2008年3月，白俄罗斯和美国相互召回大使，仅保留临时代办。

2006年03月24日，欧盟也宣布，对卢卡申科等多人、以及部分白俄罗斯公司实施制裁。

中国援助

白俄罗斯是个小国，自然禁不起折腾。

2008年的世界经济危机，更是让白俄罗斯经济雪上结霜。

不过，中国即时伸出了援手。

2009年3月11日，中白签署货币互换协议，规模为200亿元人民币/8万亿白俄罗斯卢布，有效期三年。

2011年，中白签署“关于中国投资者在白企业私有化进程中的合作协议”，中国向白俄罗斯提供了10亿美元贷款。

2013年6月，中国投资50亿美元在白俄罗斯建设中白工业园。

2015年5月10日，中白续签了规模为70亿元人民币/16万亿白俄罗斯卢布的双边本币互换协议，有效期三年，可以展期。

中白“神鹰-2015”联合反恐演习

2015年6月15-27日，中白“神鹰-2015”联合反恐演习在白俄罗斯举行，中国解放军一个特种空降连参加。

这个在白俄罗斯举行的反恐演习，中国当然是做给美国和欧洲看的：

中国会不惜代价保护中国在白俄罗斯的投资利益。

中国通过经济援助，帮助白俄罗斯抵抗住西方一轮又一轮的经济制裁，成功渡过了难关。

2016年2月15日，失望之极的欧盟不得不宣布，解除对白俄罗斯部分制裁,其中包括对卢卡申科等170名白俄罗斯人在欧盟的资产冻结和出入欧盟禁令,终止对3家白俄罗斯公司的经济制裁。

2019年9月17日，无可奈何的美国也恢复与白俄罗斯的大使级外交关系。

为什么白俄罗斯选择相信中国?

事实上，俄罗斯仍然是白俄罗斯的最大支持者。

俄罗斯是白第一大贸易伙伴，俄罗斯不仅每年满足了白俄近80%的能源需求，还进口白俄罗斯的大部分工业产品。为此，俄罗斯每年向白俄提供100亿美元的资金补贴。

但是，白俄罗斯经济单一，占GDP四分之一的工业产值中，出口俄罗斯的石油产品与机械设备就占据对外贸易额50%，造成严重依赖对外贸易的隐患。

同时，俄罗斯因为在乌克兰危机后，经济遭受重创，扶持能力有限。

另外，白俄罗斯对普京的野心也抱有警惕心理。

2008年，在俄罗斯的支持下，原属于格鲁吉亚的南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹分别独立。

2014年，克里米亚独立公投后宣布独立。

这几件事的发生，白俄罗斯也对之前的“俄白一体化”产生了畏惧。

中欧班列绝大多数经过白俄罗斯

在这样的复杂情况下，白俄罗斯自然会把信任的眼光放到中国身上。

由于白俄罗斯的特殊地理位置，正好符合中国“一带一路”走进欧洲的战略。

中欧班列开通9年多时间，绝大多数都经过白俄罗斯，2万多趟列车的过路费，让白俄罗斯赚得盆满钵满。

白俄罗斯引入中国，也可以平衡俄罗斯对白俄罗斯的影响。

2018年3月，白俄罗斯驻华大使宣布，其国名的正确名称为“白罗斯共和国”。

这条只在中国发布的消息，意味悠长：

按照白方大使馆的解释，让中国人更好区分白俄罗斯和俄罗斯两个国家。

2018年底，白俄罗斯还拒绝了俄罗斯在白境内建设空军基地的建议。

之三：中国在白俄罗斯的投资

2011年，吉利集团在白俄罗斯建立合资企业。2017年11月，第一辆吉利轿车正式下线。

2011年5月，北京住总集团在白俄罗斯明斯克的天鹅高档小区项目开工，2020年完工，造价约2亿美元。

2014年9月27日，中国在欧洲建设的第一家五星级酒店--明斯克北京饭店开业，投资2亿美元。

2017年7月31日，由中国公司总承包建设的白俄罗斯最大变电站—３３０千伏波斯塔维变电站竣工。

明斯克北京饭店

中白工业园

2013年6月，中白工业园总体规划通过白俄罗斯审批。

中国投资50亿美元，以此作为中国商品向俄罗斯和欧洲国家出口的基地。

工业园总占地91.5平方公里(美国曼哈顿只有60平方公里），是目前中国最大的境外工业园区。

中方股东为中工国际公司和哈尔滨投资集团，占60%股份，白方股东占40%股份。

2018年底，中白工业园一期完工后，入园中外企业数量达到41家，中国企业包括中石油、华为、中兴、中国一拖、中联重科、马兹潍柴有限公司、中航工业等。

2019年2月，中白工业园成为白俄罗斯首个区域经济特区。

2030年，二期工程完工后，将有15.5万人入驻园区，而白俄罗斯总人口数量才950万人。

中白工业园地理位置

2019年12月16日，中国与白俄罗斯签署35亿元境外人民币主权贷款贷款协议。

2019年，中白双边贸易额超过接近50亿美元，中国成为白俄罗斯第三大贸易伙伴国，第二大进口来源国。