What are the reasons for the development of science and technology in Europe and the United States?

From the middle to late Ming Dynasty, my country's scientific level began to lag behind that of the West, especially in modern times when the gap was the largest. There is still a gap, but we will definitely catch up and surpass it because of the advantages of the system. Someone asked, what are the reasons for the development of science and technology in Europe and the United States.

This is not a simple question, nor can one or two people make it clear and correct.

Let me talk about my personal understanding and personal humble opinion first. (The picture comes from the Internet, if there is any infringement, please inform and delete it.)

1. Historical accumulation.

Since the Renaissance, Western science and technology has been accumulating and developing. Three technological explosions, hundreds of years of scientific and technological heritage, humanistic heritage, and wealth accumulation cannot be leveled in just a hundred years. The spirit of adventure and exploration is deeply rooted in its culture, and the society respects science and scientists very much, and there are many people who "death" experiment. The atmosphere of science fiction literature is very strong, the achievements are also high, and there are many great writers.

Now our country has experienced a history of more than 100 years of humiliation, and our understanding of science and technology is unprecedentedly deep. "Science and technology are the primary productive forces", but there are still many supporters of "the theory that reading is useless" and "basic technology is useless". There's a lot of retro throwbackism to technology. It will take time to reach the level of respect and love for science in the West from everyday life.

2. Education.

I think the gap has narrowed a lot now. The West is elite education (quality-oriented education), while our country is universal education (examination-oriented education). Which of the two is superior and which is inferior will not be discussed here, and the impact of different models is not the same. Let me just say that our education is relatively fair, and the average level of cultivation is much higher than that of elite education. Relying on a huge population, many geniuses can emerge. And elite education, the probability of cultivating great scientists will be higher, because the family has focused on training since childhood, and the atmosphere is much more rigorous. You will find that many great scientists and mathematicians in the West are inherited from the family.

Many people say that our country is backward in education and has few talents, but we also have to look at who we are comparing with. When we compare with the United States, the United States absorbs talents from all over the world; when we compare with Europe, what we compare is a European talent. When we see an advanced thing, we want to study it ourselves and challenge it in all fields. Naturally, it is impossible to be able to compare with others in every field.

Reposted from "Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences": the greatest physics event in history

3. Ethnographic talent?

I remember that there used to be a special test for the average IQ of various ethnic groups? Chinese are taller than Europeans.

In 2006, Professor Richard Lynn published a new book titled "Differences in Racial Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis", summarizing the rankings and reasons for the differences in IQ among different regions, and drawing a world map of IQ accordingly . On the IQ world map drawn by Professor Lynn, East Asians (including Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans) have the highest average IQ in the world, with an average of 105. Europeans (100), Eskimos (91), Southeast Asians (87), Native American Indians (87), Pacific Islanders (85), South Asians and North Africans (84), Sahara South Africans (67), Aboriginal Australians (62). The areas with the lowest IQ are the bushmen in the desert plateau of South Africa and the Pygmies in the Congo (Brazzaville) rainforest, with an average IQ of 54.

In fact, the race gap can be ignored, mainly due to the impact of the environment. In ancient times, we valued imperial examinations and power. The smartest people were all studying how to take the imperial examinations to become officials, but there was no shortage of great scientists in ancient times. Today, scientists, officials, businessmen, who on earth can attract the smartest group of people to study? If a society respects scientists the most, then there will be many people who are willing to be scientists, and many very smart people will study technology.

4. Philosophical speculative mode.

The thinking mode of Westerners is speculative and rational, while that of Easterners is holistic and emotional. There are important differences in the way of thinking that are evident among medical students. In science, the West is rigorous demonstration and derivation, experimental verification, while the East is mainly empirical induction.

In fact, as early as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu to depose a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone, our thinking has been influenced by Confucianism. Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Buddhism, the most influential philosophical systems in China, are all metaphysical and not very interested in science. Even craftsmen backed by Lu Ban still had a low status in the eyes of Confucianism. In the Qing Dynasty, they were even denounced as "extraordinary skills and obscene skills". The whole society despised science and its people.

The similar thinking in China and the West is Mohism and famous scholars, but these two categories have declined after the Han Dynasty. In terms of scientific achievements, the achievement of "Mozi" is definitely not low, and it was written more than 2,000 years ago!

5. Technology gap.

We have only seen the 70th anniversary, when the nails and matches were called foreign nails and matches, and gradually accumulated industry and established an industrial system. Up to now, it is basically at the point of catching up. Since it is catching up, most of the time it is learning, first learn technology, and then go beyond after accumulation. This is also the reason for the development of science and technology in Europe and the United States.

6. Scientific research burns money.

Over the centuries, Europe and the United States have plundered a large amount of wealth from the world, providing a solid material foundation for their scientific research. In our country, everything that has been looted in the past 100 years is in short supply, and research funding and resources are very tight.

Taking agriculture as an example, the intensity of investment in our country is far behind that of the United States.

7. The society is stable and the country is strong.

Since modern times, the social stability of European and American countries has been longer than that of our country. Except for one civil war, there has been no war in the United States. Britain was bombed in World War II, and other periods were relatively peaceful. Although Germany has had several wars, it has a good foundation.

Even though Western Europe was in ruins after World War II, the talent and technology are still there, and the United States has allocated funds for reconstruction.

However, the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China were poor and weak (a little foundation before the Sino-Japanese War was interrupted by Japan, and the industry and light industry developed during World War I were also interrupted by Japan), wars continued, reparations hemorrhage, social unrest, want to It is not easy to do scientific research with peace of mind. Although there was help from the Soviet Union after the founding of the People's Republic of China, when the talks collapsed, we had to do it ourselves.

A strong country has a different attitude towards the people as a whole. Under the mentality of a big country, many things are not limited to eating, drinking and having fun, but to focus on more pursuits, and the people's self-esteem and self-confidence will also be high. In order to maintain an advanced position, a lot will be invested in scientific research, armaments, education, etc. Arms race, big countries are capable of an arms race.

8. Policies are different, with different emphases.

Because of the backwardness, my country attaches great importance to applied research, but the investment in basic research is insufficient, and the system of project declaration also makes basic research face the dilemma of insufficient funds. Many applied researches are based on the existing theories and carry out application development. But if there is no breakthrough in basic research, technology will be in a state of current theory.

Because Europe and the United States are ruled by aristocratic elites, they have long been in the leading position in the world. There are many well-off people who can choose their favorite fields, and there are many people who do theoretical research. Moreover, European and American governments also attach great importance to this aspect, and will not withdraw their investment just because long-term theoretical research has failed to produce results.

The leading position of Western countries in technological innovation and development can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, when they took the lead in promoting revolutionary changes in a series of technological and industrial fields such as machinery manufacturing, steam power, and chemical production. This historical heritage has provided Western countries with a long-term accumulation and foundation in scientific and technological innovation, and promoted their leading position in the field of modern science and technology.

There are several reasons why breakthrough technologies are always first in the West:

Western countries invest more funds and resources in scientific and technological innovation: Western countries invest a large amount of funds and human resources in scientific and technological innovation, and many scientific and technological innovation projects will receive support and funding from the government, enterprises and investors, which makes Western countries have more opportunities and resources to explore and practice new technological solutions.

Western countries pay attention to innovation and open cultural atmosphere: the cultural and social atmosphere of western countries pay attention to innovation and openness, especially in terms of scientific and technological innovation, they encourage and respect different ways of thinking and ideas, and advocate values such as liberalism and democracy. It is conducive to liberating the thinking and innovation ability of scientific and technological personnel.

Western countries have cultivated a strong team of scientific and technological talents: Western countries have some of the world's top universities and research institutions in terms of higher education and scientific and technological personnel training. These institutions not only attract outstanding scientific and technological talents from all over the world, but also provide them with innovative work environment and resources.

Western countries are relatively convenient in information transmission and technical exchange: the rapid development of modern communication technology and the Internet makes information transmission and technical exchange very convenient. The leading position and open cultural atmosphere of Western countries in the field of science and technology make them more active and flexible in information and technology exchanges, which is conducive to promoting scientific and technological innovation and transnational cooperation.

In short, the long-term accumulation of scientific and technological innovation and development in Western countries, the advantages of cultural atmosphere, scientific and technological resources, and talent teams have all contributed to their leading position in breakthrough technologies. Of course, in this process, we also need to see the rise and development of other countries in the field of science and technology, and they will also play an increasingly important role.

Nearby such as chatgpt, far away such as iPhone, mobile Internet technology, even Huawei's 5G technology breakthrough did not happen in mainland China. Why do these revolutionary technologies always occur first in the United States and the West?

Cause Analysis

When it comes to technology, Western countries have always been leaders. Whether in mechanized production during the Industrial Revolution or in the more recent computer and Internet revolution, Western countries have always been the first to achieve breakthrough technological progress.

There are several reasons why these breakthrough technologies always appear first in Western countries:

First of all, Western countries have large and well-developed scientific research institutions and education systems. Many top universities and research institutions are concentrated in Europe and North America, they have strong research capabilities and abundant resources. In addition, these institutions have an open culture that encourages independent thinking and innovation, which provides a good soil for technological breakthroughs.

Second, in terms of politics and economy, Western countries are also more stable and open than other countries. Western countries generally have a sound legal system, a democratic political system and a free market economic system. Such an environment makes companies and investors more willing to make long-term investment and innovation in Western countries, thereby promoting the development of technology.

Finally, Western countries also have abundant human resources. Over the past few centuries, Western countries have been at the center of global talent flows. High technology, high salaries and a good quality of life have attracted a large number of geniuses and professionals to Western countries, which also provides strong support for technological progress.

Of course, the above are just some of the factors. At the same time, various factors such as history, culture, economy and politics faced by other regions cannot be ignored. For example, many Asian and African countries are accelerating technological development by actively developing scientific research education and opening up market environments.

In conclusion, while the West has taken the lead in technology, other regions are catching up and making breakthroughs. With the advancement of globalization and the popularization of information technology, we can foresee that more technological breakthroughs will occur in different regions of the world in the future.

An interesting thing is that some people attribute China's technological innovation lag to the party, and even maliciously edit:

The lag in technological innovation in China cannot be attributed solely to the party. In fact, the Chinese government and the party have been promoting technological innovation and development, especially in recent years, the Chinese government has strongly supported investment and innovation in the field of science and technology.

However, to solve the problem of hysteresis in technological innovation, many factors need to be considered. Some of these factors include the level of education and the quality of scientific research institutions, intellectual property protection and the rule of law environment, and corporate culture and market competitiveness.

For example, in terms of education, China still has problems such as uneven distribution of educational resources, uneven education quality, and a disconnect between the training of talents in colleges and universities and actual needs. These problems will affect the cultivation of scientific and technological talents and the development of technological innovation.

In addition, intellectual property protection is also one of the important conditions for technological innovation. At present, although the Chinese government has strengthened the protection of intellectual property rights, the infringement of intellectual property rights still exists, which constitutes a certain obstacle to technological innovation and development.

In addition, China's corporate culture and market competitiveness also need to be further improved. For example, some enterprises rely too much on imitation and low-price competition, and lack independent innovation and brand building, which will limit the space for technological innovation and development.

Therefore, to promote technological innovation and development, it is necessary for the government, enterprises and all sectors of society to work together, especially to strengthen education, intellectual property protection and the improvement of the market competition environment, so as to comprehensively enhance the country's scientific and technological strength.

From the middle to late Ming Dynasty, my country's scientific level began to lag behind that of the West, especially in modern times when the gap was the largest. There is still a gap, but we will surpass it because we have advantages in the system. Someone asked, what are the reasons for the development of science and technology in Europe and the United States.

This is not a simple question, nor can one or two people make it clear and correct.

1. Historical accumulation.

2. Education.

3. Ethnographic talent?

I remember that there used to be a special test for the average IQ of various ethnic groups? Chinese are taller than Europeans.

4. Philosophical speculative mode.

5. Technology gap.

6. Scientific research burns money.

Taking agriculture as an example, the intensity of investment in our country is far behind that of the United States.

7. The society is stable and the country is strong.

Even though Western Europe was in ruins after World War II, the talent and technology are still there, and the United States has allocated funds for reconstruction.

8. Policies are different, with different emphases.

Very simple things, why did Western countries take the lead in technology? Because it is a firearm from the Mongols, it is a system.

The Mongols brought firearms, which broke the Middle Ages of Mengmei. Western countries united against Mongolia, and then influenced each other in the process of fighting

The believers of Jesus knew the gate of another world, and they did not follow their own requirements at all.

They themselves have had 3 experiences against barbarians in their history, that is, beasts

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Then wake them up, the time to wake up is when Ottoman Turkey blocked the spice trade in Western Europe

They themselves did not want to make great discoveries by voyages. The root of all this came from two aspects. In addition, they had accumulated mathematical knowledge before that, and then the Black Death caused the extinction of a large number of people, creating conditions for future production. , Navigation promoted the progress of technology, the Black Death made people miss the great discoveries of literature and art in the past, the Renaissance

The popes of Europe raised a lot of idlers, where they built palaces, decorated facades, and made gods, and then there were huge religions, story systems, logical and logical beliefs, and then the trade in the Mediterranean, which contributed to the spirit of the contract, China's feudal autocracy, Peace is the most important thing with the peasants, and it is always incomparable to the commercial trade in the Mediterranean, and the upgrade of thinking

Then you will find that because of the unique advantages of the Mediterranean Sea, there are several big countries that can’t control each other, and there are always wars between small countries and small groups. It will be found that in order to survive in Western countries, their military and technology always promote each other together. So let the Renaissance continue to fight, love and kill each other, and fight for 400 years. It can be said almost certainly that the war has not stopped since the disintegration of Rome.

The difference between the Yellow River and the Mediterranean Sea

When governing the Yellow River, the country must be unified. China is also an agricultural country with a large land and a large population. We have also visited other places. The land is pitifully small or barbaric and deserted. After being beaten back by them, China is a landlocked country after all, India in the northwest. One place is full of people, and that place is also civilized, with a civilized dynasty. Another reason is that our country Li Shimin is too kind. He moved the Eastern Turks in the north to Hebei for surveillance. The land is a desert, a basin, and mountains.

You can blame China's agricultural thinking for the lack of technology in Chinese civilization. Agricultural country + agricultural thought + landlocked country

The Iron Age was introduced into China, and it was used for war. The introduction of copper into China was tribal alliances. There are so many Chinese people, it is not easy to manage. Whoever is the leader of the world does not want others to rise up. This determines China’s agriculture. It is determined that China's business cannot develop, and technology cannot start.

The Mediterranean region is proud of the demise of the Roman Empire, and then the great pope was ignorant of the Middle Ages, burning many books, the Black Death in Europe and the invasion of the Mongols, which made them fearful, and then naturally there was a cultural revival

Since the disintegration of Rome, all countries in the West have refused to obey anyone, and no one can eat anyone. The manor system, these are not the rise of great powers, have you already made it clear? Why should I repeat?

Governing the Yellow River must achieve unification, and the Mediterranean adopts a mercenary policy. It is precisely because the great Jesus believers did not regard people as human beings in the past, and they are not as good as China, so they will have the Renaissance and have technological inventions.

One word is philosophy and mathematics

Two sentences are seeking knowledge and speculation

Three words are contract and trade

Four sentences are not convinced to argue

In ancient China, the people were strictly controlled

Legalism in Qin State

Sacrificing Everbright collective wisdom for the benefit of the few

Emphasis on agriculture and restraint on business

The difference between the Yellow River and the Mediterranean Sea

When governing the Yellow River, the country must be unified. China is an agricultural country with a large land and a large population. We have also visited other places. It is either barren land or barbarian desert.

Since the disintegration of Rome, the daughter-in-law's elder brother probably won't obey anyone, and no one can eat anyone. The manor system, these are not the rise of great powers, have you already made it clear? Why should I repeat?

One word is philosophy and mathematics

Two sentences are seeking knowledge and speculation

Three words are contract and trade

This sentence is unconvincing to argue

Suddenly I feel that agricultural thinking kills people, and I know it when I work part-time. . . still have to work

If Qi State ruled the world, or if Chu State ruled the world, or if those emperors who loved inventions in the Ming Dynasty of China really spread their inventions and creations to the whole country, it might be another world. After all, China is an agricultural In the country, so many people want to eat, you can’t invent and create on an empty stomach, and then manage so many people, the contradiction between agriculture and the government. To manage the people under the government, you must first have a full stomach. After all, China is still An agricultural country, some people say that humans are terrible as long as they are full

Survival is the first priority, so the reform and rise of the Qin State defeated the six eastern countries. There is a Chinese saying called sitting and discussing the Tao, which is to oppose others who do not respect scientific and technological inventions.

1. Verbal violence

2. Agricultural country

3. Legalism

4. No competition, historically united and divided

5. Agricultural thought

Language violence + agricultural ideology, resulting in China's technological backwardness

Then no matter how good China's political system is, it will inevitably be bullied by outsiders

The idea of agriculture is: peace is the most important + complain

During the Warring States Period, China's elites definitely wanted to develop China's technology

However, due to the 20/80 law, the overwhelmingly dominant agricultural thinking will definitely impact the upper class

Isn't it said in the Internet society, don't pity the poor? On the one hand, the poor only want to be comfortable, on the other hand, the poor are afraid of encroachment and plunder, and this will definitely have an impact on managers

Think: The poor are very satisfied, as long as they are provided with food, clothing, housing and transportation. The six eastern countries are contending with each other. In fact, the quarrels are fierce, and the backward Qin State disdains them, and then they are unified.

Then we can look at the country Three-Body Problem, which describes the same content as Europe and Japan. Those who live in extremes grasp the benefits of high technology, and then desperately lean on it. China has been doing this for nearly 40 years, and it will be 180 years. No one wants to die. To put it bluntly, China's agricultural thinking is too comfortable Now, let Qin State occupy the land of the six eastern countries.

In 2021, a total of 10 Nobel Prize winners will be born in the four major fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and economics.

Seven of them are American citizens.

Objectively speaking, the current United States is still very strong in science.

But before World War II, the scientific strength of the United States was extremely weak.

There are two major events in the international scientific community, namely the annual Nobel Prize Selection and the triennial "Solvay Conference".

The Solvay Conference in 1927 is the most famous, because in this conference, Einstein and Bohr launched a fierce debate about the future of human physics. One insisted that the theory of relativity was right, and the other insisted that quantum mechanics was That's right, the debate between the two can be called the decisive battle of modern physics.

At that meeting, neither of the two convinced the other, and the two schools have not convinced each other until today, because both of them seem to be right, and then the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics jointly established modern physics for mankind.

The meeting became famous not only because of the debate between Einstein and Bohr, but because the 29 participants were all scientific giants at the time.

Einstein, Lorentz, Marie Curie, Planck, Bohr, Bern, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, many names you don't even need to be a scientist, it's in the textbooks, too much human physics The formulas are all named after these people.

It can be said that without these people in the photos, human physics can go back 100 years.

At the Solvay Conference in 1927, no one was Chinese.

However, 27 of the 29 people are Europeans, and only 2 are Americans. Moreover, these two people are unknown and have no outstanding achievements. The top batch is all European.

Although the United States became the world's largest industrial power in 1890, anti-intellectualism and pragmatism have prevailed in the United States for a long time, and its scientific strength is extremely weak.

In 1927, the human science center was in Europe, while the European science center was in Germany, and the United States was called the saline-alkali land of human science by the Europeans at that time.

Americans know the importance of scientists, but their own country just can't train them. The number of scientists is completely out of proportion to its population and economic strength.

A large number of Americans today believe that the earth is flat, so one can imagine what the hell the education system is.

Then why is the scientific strength of the United States so strong today?

Because the whole of Europe was smashed during World War II, the United States took advantage of its stable and peaceful environment to attract a large number of European scientists, and after the victory of World War II, it robbed a large number of top German scientists.

There is evidence to say this.

The most terrifying weapon during World War II was the atomic bomb, and the scientists who invented the atomic bomb for the United States contributed a lot.

So, where did the scientists who allowed the United States to invent the atomic bomb come from?

The Manhattan Project, which made the atomic bomb in the United States, was called upon by two top experts in the field of nuclear energy, Einstein and Szilard. The famous letter written to President Roosevelt that led to the establishment of the Manhattan Project was Einstein and Szilard. Written jointly, known in history as the "Einstein-Szilard Letter".

Albert Einstein, a famous German-Jewish physicist, immigrated to the United States in 1933.

Leo Szilard, a famous Hungarian physicist, immigrated to the United States in 1938.

Enrique Fermi, a famous Italian physicist, immigrated to the United States in 1938 and created the first controllable nuclear reactor for the United States. He is known as the "father of atomic energy" for mankind.

It can be said that the host and implementation of the Manhattan Project are basically Americans, but the source of the principle and core technology, as well as the model structure, are provided by the scientists who came from Europe. Even this project was facilitated by the scientists who came from Europe. of.

The scientists who discovered nuclear fission for the first time were Hahn and Lassmann, one was German and the other was Austrian.

The Manhattan Project started in 1942.

Rocket and radar technology were also invented in Europe during World War II.

It can be said that even though the wars in Europe led to the loss of a large number of scientists to the United States, the scientific strength of Europe was still much higher than that of the United States at that time.

In fact, on the eve of Germany's defeat, it had almost produced its own atomic bomb. It was a step behind the United States mainly because of lack of manpower and material resources, and it did not have a stable and peaceful rear like the United States.

However, in just 10 years after the defeat of World War I, Germany became the world's hegemony again. While challenging the world with its power, it also invented the V2 rocket and almost made an atomic bomb. You can imagine Germany's science at that time How strong is the strength.

At that time, the so-called "basic knowledge" was done by Europeans. The inventors of atoms, electrons, quantum mechanics, and relativity were all trained in Europe, and most of them were Germans.

At that time, the Americans had almost none of the scientific research results that they could produce. The only ones that could be praised were the railway construction and the Ford Motor Company.

After the victory of World War II, the United States immediately formulated the "Paperclip Project" and tried its best to snatch German scientists.

The Soviet Union came back to their senses and formulated the "Operation Ossewagen" to start robbing German scientists, but the top batch has already been preempted by the United States.

More than 1,600 top German scientists and their families were urgently transported to the United States by the special department of the US military.

Most of these scientists served the German army, and many belonged to Nazi war criminals, but as long as these scientists agree to work for the United States, they will be directly pardoned as war criminals.

The famous Qian Xuesen participated in the "Operation Paperclip" with his mentor von Karman at that time, and was responsible for identifying German scientists in the field of rocketry. Later, von Braun, who designed the largest human rocket for the United States, was "incorporated" by Qian Xuesen.

Arthur Rudolph, the leader of the German rocket project, was also the main manager of the Dora Concentration Camp. Under his orders, more than 60,000 prisoners were squeezed to the extreme, working 14 hours a day to make rockets.

Under Rudolph's management, 60,000 prisoners died in 2 years and 20,000 died.

According to von Braun's confession, Arthur Rudolph was a staunch Nazi and an anti-Semitic lunatic.

In the archives of the United States, the record of Rudolph is:

"100% Nazi, Extremely Dangerous, Arrest Recommended"

However, when Rudolph was willing to serve the United States, all his crimes were written off. Rudolph transformed from a top Nazi war criminal into one of the main leaders of the US "Pershing" missile and "Saturn V" rocket projects, and joined the American citizenship. , and was later awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal to enjoy his old age.

This attitude of the United States made all Nazi scientists willingly contribute to the United States and greatly improved the scientific strength of the United States, but it violated the so-called benevolence and morality proposed by the United States itself.

Before World War II, the United States was the world's industrial center and a scientific saline-alkali land.

After World War II, the United States directly became the scientific center of mankind, and its strength in the field of science directly experienced a triple jump.

Because it is too fast and refreshing to absorb outside scientists to improve its own strength, the United States is obsessed with this feeling.

After World War II, the United States formulated a policy to attract foreign scientists to naturalize in the United States, and at the same time advocated "science without borders" around the world.

The phrase "science has no borders" was said by Pavlov, but when people say this, the next sentence is "but scientists have borders".

However, the United States only emphasizes the first sentence, selectively ignoring the next sentence, and hypes it around the world.

Coupled with the dominant position of the United States, its huge economic and military advantages, and the favorable conditions provided to scientists, basic science is very expensive and will not see returns in the short term. Only economically powerful countries can do it, and many scientists really So I went to the United States.

At present, among the high-end scientists in the United States, more than half of them are immigrants of the first generation, that is, those who were not even born in the United States. If the immigrants within three generations are counted, most of the top scientists in the United States are foreign immigrants.

Scientists are precious, and so are the offspring of scientists.

IQ cannot be completely inherited. The offspring of parents with high IQ are likely to be inferior to themselves, but the children of 985 parents have a 10% probability of being 985. This means that although 90% of the offspring of scientists are not good, 10% can be comparable to their parents Over the years, this is also a huge number.

This is why science flourished in the United States after World War II.

It doesn't matter if you can't train top scientists yourself, as long as the world absorbs them.

In the 2021 Nobel Prize, 7 of the 10 winners in the world are American citizens. This is indeed a fact.

But there is another data. Of the 7 American winners, 6 of them are foreign immigrants, and 5 of them are first-generation immigrants.

This is the result of the United States absorbing immigrants. The immigration laws revised in the 1950s in the United States are extremely welcome to elite immigrants, as long as they can prove themselves

欧美科技发达的原因是什么?

从明朝中后叶开始，我国的科学水平开始落后于西方，尤其是近代差距达到最大，目前依旧有差距，但我们肯定会追上和超越，因为制度上有优势。有人问，有哪些原因导致欧美科技发达。

这不是一个简单的问题，也不是一两个人能说清楚和正确的。

我先谈谈我的个人理解，个人拙见。（图片来自网络，如有侵权请告知删除。）

1、历史积累。

从文艺复兴开始，西方的科技就一直在积累和发展，三次科技大爆炸，几百年的科技底蕴，人文底蕴、财富积累并不是短短一百年就能拉平的。冒险精神、探索精神深入其文化，社会上对科学、科学家是很尊敬，“作死”试验的人不少。科幻文学的氛围很浓厚，成就也很高，大作家非常多。

现在我们国家经历了100多年的屈辱历史，对科技理解前所未有的深刻，“科学技术是第一生产力”，但依旧还有不少“读书无用论”、“基础科技无用论”的支持者，还有很多对科技的复古倒退主义。要达到西方那种从日常生活对科学尊崇和喜爱的程度，需要时间。

2、教育方面。

我认为现在的差距已经缩小了很多。西方的是精英教育（素质教育），而我国的是全民教育（应试教育），两者谁优谁劣，这里不作讨论，模式的不同带来的影响也不一样。只说一点，我们的教育相对公平一些，培育的平均水平要比精英教育高很多，依靠庞大的人口，可以出现很多天才。而精英教育，培育出大科学家的概率会高一些，因为从小，家族就着重培养，氛围要严谨很多，你会发现很多西方的大科学家、数学家都是家族的传承。

很多人说，我们国家教育落后，人才少，但也要看看对比的是谁。我们和美国比，美国吸收的是全球的人才；我们和欧洲比，对比的是一个欧洲的人才。我们看见一个先进的东西，就想自己研究，全领域去挑战，自然不可能每个领域都能把别人比下去的。

转载"中国科学院高能物理研究所":史上最牛物理学盛会

3、人种天赋？

我记得以前不是有专门的检测各民族的平均智商吗？中国人比欧洲要高的。

2006年，理查德·林恩教授出版了名为《种族智力的差异：一种进化分析》的新书，总结出不同地区人种智商的差异排位以及原因，并据此绘制了IQ世界地图。在林恩教授绘制的IQ世界地图上，东亚人(包括中国人、日本人、朝鲜人)拥有全世界最高的平均智商，平均值为105。而之后排位是欧洲人(100)，爱斯基摩人(91)，东南亚人(87)，美洲本土印第安人(87)，太平洋诸岛土著居民(85)，南亚及北非人(84)，撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲人(67)，澳大利亚原住民(62)。人种智商最低地区是南非沙漠高原的丛林人和刚果(布)雨林地区俾格米人，平均智商为54。

事实上，人种的差距可以忽略，主要还是环境的影响。古代我们重科举，重权利，最聪明的一群人都在研究如何考科举当官，但古代也不缺大科学家。如今，科学家、官员、商人，到底谁能吸引最聪明的一群人去研究呢？如果一个社会对科学家最为尊敬，那么愿意当科学家的人会很多，会有很多很聪明的人去研究科技。

4、哲学思辨模式。

西方人的思维模式是思辨、理性，而东方人的是整体、感性。思维方式上有着重要的差异，在医学生体现很明显。科学上，西方是严谨的论证和推导，实验验证，而东方则主要是经验归纳。

事实上，早在汉武帝采纳董仲舒罢黜百家，独尊儒术的时候，我们的思想就被儒家所耳濡目染。中国影响最深的儒家、法家、道家、佛家这几个哲学体系，都是形而上的，对科学不甚感兴趣。即便是有鲁班撑腰的工匠，在儒家眼里依旧是地位低下，在清朝更是被斥之为“奇技淫巧”，整个社会对科学和从事科学的人是鄙视的。

中国和西方类似的思维是墨家和名家，但这两大类均在汉朝以后式微了。论科学成就，《墨子》一书的成就绝对不低，那可是2000多年前的书！

5、科技差距。

我们见过不过70周年，当年的钉子、火柴都叫洋钉、洋火的地步，慢慢积累工业，建立工业体系，到现在，基本还是处于追赶的地步。既然是追赶，很多时候就是在学习，先把科技学到手，有了积累后才会去超越。这也是造成欧美科技发达的原因所在。

6、科研烧钱。

欧美几个世纪来从全球掠夺了大量的财富，为其科研研究提供了坚实的物质基础。我们国家那100年被洗劫的万物都缺的地步，科研经费、资源上就很紧张。

以农业方面为例，我们国家投入的强度就比美国差距不小。

7、社会稳定，国家强大。

近代以来，欧美国家社会稳定要比我国时间长一些。美国本土除了内战一次更是没有爆发战争了。英国也就二战被炸了，其他时期都相对和平。德国虽然有几次战争，但是底子好。

即便是西欧二战后一片废墟，但人才和技术还在，还有美国的拨款重建。

而晚清和民国积贫积弱（甲午之前的一点底子还被日本给打断了，一战期间发展的工业和轻工业也被日本给打断），战乱不止，赔款大出血，社会动乱，想要安心科研，也很不容易了。建国后虽然有苏联的帮助，但后来谈崩了还得自己来。

国家强大，对整个民众的心态是不一样的。大国心态下，对很多东西不在局面于吃喝玩乐，而是关注于更多的追求，民众自尊、自信心也会很高。为了保持先进的地位，对科研、军备、教育等方面会投入很多。军备竞赛，大国才有能力军备竞赛啊。

8、政策差异，侧重不同。

因为落后的原因，我国重视应用研究，而基础研究投入不足，且项目申报的制度，也让基础研究面临经费不足的困境。应用研究很多是现有的理论下，进行应用开发。但如果没有基础研究的突破，科技也就会局面于当前的理论。

欧美由于是贵族精英统治，长期处于世界领先地位，有很多衣食无忧的人可以选择自己喜爱的领域，理论研究的人很多。且欧美政府，对这方面也很重视，不会因为长时间的理论研究没成果，就撤销投入。

西方国家在科技创新和发展上的领先地位可以追溯到18世纪工业革命时期，当时他们率先推动机械制造、蒸汽动力、化学生产等一系列技术和工业领域的革命性变革。这一历史遗产为西方国家在科技创新方面提供了长期的积淀和基础，促进了他们在现代科技领域中的领先地位。

还有以下几个原因可能导致突破性的技术总是最先发生在西方：

西方国家对科技创新投入的资金和资源较多：西方国家在科技创新方面投入资金和人力资源的数量都较大，而且许多科技创新项目会获得政府、企业和投资人的支持和资助，这使得西方国家有更多的机会和资源去探索和实践新的技术方案。
西方国家注重创新和开放的文化氛围：西方国家的文化和社会氛围注重创新和开放，尤其是在科技创新方面，他们鼓励和推崇不同的思维方式和理念，倡导自由主义、民主主义等价值观，这有利于解放科技人员的思维和创新能力。
西方国家培育了强大的科技人才队伍：西方国家在高等教育和科技人才培养方面拥有世界上一些顶尖的大学和研究机构，这些机构不仅吸引了来自全球的杰出科技人才，而且还为他们提供创新的工作环境和资源。
西方国家在信息传递和技术交流方面相对便利：现代通讯技术和互联网的飞速发展使得信息传递和技术交流变得非常便捷。西方国家在科技领域中的领先地位和开放的文化氛围使得他们在信息和技术交流方面更为活跃和灵活，这有利于促进科技创新和跨国合作。

总之，西方国家在科技创新和发展方面的长期积累、文化氛围、科技资源和人才队伍等多方面的优势，都促进了他们在突破性技术方面的领先地位。当然，在此过程中也需要看到其他国家在科技领域中的崛起和发展，他们也将扮演着越来越重要的角色。

近的如 chatgpt，远的如 iPhone 、移动互联网技术，就连华为的5G技术突破也并非发生在中国大陆本土。这些革命性技术为什么总是最先发生在美西方呢？

原因分析

在技术方面，西方国家一直是领先者。无论是在工业革命时期的机械化生产，还是在更近代的计算机和互联网革命中，西方国家总是率先实现了突破性的技术进步。

有几个原因可以解释为什么这些突破性的技术总是最先出现在西方国家：

首先，西方国家拥有庞大而发达的科研机构和教育系统。许多顶尖的大学和研究机构都集中在欧洲和北美地区，他们具备强大的研究能力和丰富的资源。此外，这些机构还有着开放的文化氛围，鼓励独立思考和创新精神，这为技术的突破性发展提供了良好的土壤。

其次，在政治和经济方面，西方国家也比其他国家更加稳定和开放。西方国家普遍拥有完善的法律体系、民主的政治制度以及自由的市场经济体系。这样的环境使得企业和投资者更愿意在西方国家进行长期的投资和创新，从而推动了技术的发展。

最后，西方国家还具有丰富的人才资源。在过去几个世纪中，西方国家一直是全球人才流动的中心。高科技、高薪水以及良好的生活质量吸引了大量的天才和专业人才涌向西方国家，这也为技术的进步提供了强大的支持。

当然，以上只是其中的一些因素。同时，也不能忽视其他地区所面临的历史文化、经济政治等各种不同的因素。例如，许多亚洲和非洲国家正通过积极发展科研教育和开放市场环境来加速技术领域的发展。

总之，虽然西方国家已经在技术方面处于领先地位，但其他地区也在不断追赶并取得突破性的进展。随着全球化的推进和信息技术的普及，我们可以预见到未来会有更多的技术突破发生在全球不同的地区。

一个有趣的事是有的人把中国技术革新迟滞归功于党，甚至恶意剪辑：

中国技术创新的迟滞不能单纯地归因于党。事实上，中国政府和党一直在推动技术创新和发展，尤其是近年来，中国政府大力支持科技领域的投资和创新。

然而，要解决技术创新的迟滞问题，还需要考虑到多方面的因素。其中一些因素包括教育水平和科研机构的质量，知识产权保护和法治环境，以及企业文化和市场竞争力等方面。

例如，在教育方面，中国仍然存在着教育资源分配不均、教育质量参差不齐、高校人才培养与实际需求脱节等问题。这些问题会影响到科技人才的培养和技术创新的发展。

另外，知识产权保护也是技术创新的重要条件之一。目前，尽管中国政府已经加大了知识产权保护的力度，但是侵犯知识产权的行为仍然存在，这对于技术创新和发展构成了一定的阻碍。

此外，中国的企业文化和市场竞争力也需要进一步提高。例如，有些企业过于依赖模仿和低价竞争，缺乏自主创新和品牌建设，这会限制技术创新和发展的空间。

因此，要推动技术创新和发展，需要政府、企业和社会各方面共同努力，尤其是要加强教育、知识产权保护和市场竞争环境等方面的改善，以全面提升国家的科技实力。

从明朝中后叶开始，我国的科学水平开始落后于西方，尤其是近代差距达到最大，目前依旧有差距，但我们会超过，因为制度上我们有优势。有人问，有哪些原因导致欧美科技发达。

这不是一个简单的问题，也不是一两个人能说清楚和正确的。

我先谈谈我的个人理解，个人拙见。（图片来自网络，如有侵权请告知删除。）

1、历史积累。

2、教育方面。

转载&amp;quot;中国科学院高能物理研究所&amp;quot;:史上最牛物理学盛会

3、人种天赋？

我记得以前不是有专门的检测各民族的平均智商吗？中国人比欧洲要高的。

2006年，理查德·林恩教授出版了名为《种族智力的差异：一种进化分析》的新书，总结出不同地区人种智商的差异排位以及原因，并据此绘制了IQ世界地图。在林恩教授绘制的IQ世界地图上，东亚人(包括中国人、日本人、朝鲜人)拥有全世界最高的平均智商，平均值为105。而之后排位是欧洲人(100)，爱斯基摩人(91)，东南亚人(87)，美洲本土印第安人(87)，太平洋诸岛土著居民(85)，南亚及北非人(84)，撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲人(67)，澳大利亚原住民(62)。人种智商最低地区是南非沙漠高原的丛林人和刚果(布)雨林地区俾格米人，平均智商为54。

4、哲学思辨模式。

中国和西方类似的思维是墨家和名家，但这两大类均在汉朝以后式微了。论科学成就，《墨子》一书的成就绝对不低，那可是2000多年前的书！

5、科技差距。

6、科研烧钱。

以农业方面为例，我们国家投入的强度就比美国差距不小。

7、社会稳定，国家强大。

即便是西欧二战后一片废墟，但人才和技术还在，还有美国的拨款重建。

8、政策差异，侧重不同。

很简单的东西，为什么西方国家率先在科技方面取得了领先优势？因为那是蒙古人传来的火器，是一套系统。

蒙古人传来火器，打破了萌妹的中世纪，西方国家联合对抗蒙古，然后在打的过程中相互影响

耶稣的信徒们知道了另一个世界的大门，完全不按照自己的要求来

他们本身历史上有过3次对抗野蛮人的经历，就是野兽

✍️

然后把他们打醒了，打醒的时间是在奥斯曼土耳其阻断西欧的香料贸易的时候

他们本身就不想要航海大发现，这一切的根源来自于两方面，加上在此以前他们有了数学知识的积累，然后是黑死病造成了大量人口的灭亡，为未来的生产创造了条件，航海促进了技术的进步，黑死病让人们怀念过去文艺大发现，文艺复兴

欧洲教皇养了很多的闲人，他们在那里修宫殿，装点门面，造神运动，然后有庞大的宗教，故事系统，逻辑逻辑信仰，然后地中海的贸易，促成了契约的精神，中国的封建专制，和农民们的以和为贵，始终比不了在地中海的商路贸易，思维的升级

然后你会发现，正是由于地中海的得天独厚的优势，有几个大的国家之间谁也吃不了谁，小国小团体之间总是战争不断，萌妹的人们为了权利害怕一家独大，你会发现西方的国家，为了生存，他们的军事和科技总是在一起相互的促进。于是让文艺复兴之后，继续打仗，相互相爱相杀，打了4百年，可以，几乎肯定的说，就是没有停止过战争，自罗马解体以后。

黄河和地中海的区别

在治理黄河的时候，国家必须统一，中国又是一个农业国家，地广人多，我们在其他的地方，也去看过，不是土地小得可怜就是蛮夷荒漠，原来我们也打过去了，又被他们打回来了，中国说到底是一个内陆国家，西北的印度。一个地方就是人热，那个地方也是文明，有王朝的开化之地，另一个方面的原因就是我们的国家李世民太好了，把北方的东突厥迁到河北监视，对于印度礼让求贤，西北之地又是沙漠，又是盆地，又是重山。

你可以把中国文明之所以没有科技，责怪中国的农业思想。农业国+农业思想+内陆国

铁器时代传入了中国，就是用来战争，铜传入中国就是部落联盟，中国人多，本来就不好管理，谁做天下的头头都不愿意别人崛起，这就决定了中国的农业，这就决定了中国的商业发展不起来，科技也不可能起步

地中海地区是得意于，罗马帝国的灭亡，然后伟大的教皇愚昧了中世纪，焚毁了很多的书，欧洲黑死病和蒙古人的入侵，让他们看到很恐惧，然后自然就有了文化复兴

自罗马解体以后，西方的各个国家谁也不服谁，谁也吃不了谁，庄园制，这些都不是大国崛起已经讲清楚了吗？我干嘛要重复？

治理黄河必然要实现统一，地中海实行雇佣兵政策，正因为伟大的耶稣信徒们过去不把人当人看，还不如中华，所以他们会文艺复兴，有科技发明

一句话就是哲学和数学

两句话就是求知和思辨

三句话就是契约和贸易

四句话就是不服来辩

中国古代把国民控制得死死的

秦国的法家思想

为了少数人的利益牺牲光大集体智慧

重农抑商

黄河和地中海的区别

在治理黄河的时候，国家必须统一，中国又是一个农业国家，地广人多，我们在其他的地方，也去看过，不是土地荒芜就是蛮夷沙漠

自罗马解体以后，媳妇的哥哥估计谁也不服谁，谁也吃不了谁，庄园制，这些都不是大国崛起已经讲清楚了吗？我干嘛要重复？

治理黄河必然要实现统一，地中海实行雇佣兵政策，正因为伟大的耶稣信徒们过去不把人当人看，还不如中华，所以他们会文艺复兴，有科技发明

一句话就是哲学和数学

两句话就是求知和思辨

三句话就是契约和贸易

这句话就是不服来辩

突然感觉农业思维害死人，打工打工打工，明明知道。。。还要打工

如果是齐国统治了天下，或者是楚国统治了的天下，又或者是中国的明朝那些爱发明的皇帝真的把发明创造推广到全国，那或许又是一片天说到底中国是一个农业国家，那么多人要吃饭，你不可能饿着肚子搞发明和创造，然后这么多人还要去管理，农业和官府的矛盾政府要管理底下的人，首先要吃饱肚子，说到底中国还是一个农业国家，有人说人类只要吃饱了肚子就很可怕

生存是第一要务，所以秦国变革崛起打败了东方六国，中国有一个词语叫做坐而论道，就是反对别人不尊重科技发明，天上掉

1.语言暴力

2.农业国

3.法家思想

4.没有竞争，历来都是统一和分裂的

5.农业思想

语言暴力 + 农业思想，造成了中国的科技落后

然后无论中国的政治体制多么优秀，都免不了被外来欺负

农业思想就是：以和为贵+抱怨

战国时代，中国的精英层肯定想把中国的科技搞起来

可是由于20/80定律，占绝对优势的农业思想肯定会冲击上层社会

不是网络社会有人说，不要可怜穷人吗？一方面穷人只图安逸，另一方面就是穷人害怕侵犯和掠夺，然后这个必将对管理者产生影响

认为：穷人很好满足，只要给他们衣食住行就可以东方六国百家争鸣，实际上是争吵激烈，让落后秦国不屑，然后统一了

然后我们可以看三体这个国家，里面描述的内容和欧日差不多。生存在极端的人掌握了高科技的好处，然后拼命的往上面靠，中国近40年，到180年，也是这种套路，谁也不想要自己死，说白了，就是中国的农业思想太安逸了，让秦国占领东方六国的土地。

2021年，物理、化学、生理或医学、经济这四大领域，共诞生了10名诺贝尔奖。

其中7人，是美国籍。

客观的说，目前的美国，科学实力还是很强大的。

但二战前，美国的科学实力异常弱小。

国际科学界有两大盛会，分别是每年一次的诺贝尔奖评选，以及三年一次的“索尔维会议”。

1927年的索尔维会议最出名，因为在这场会议里爱因斯坦和波尔关于人类物理学的未来展开了一场激烈的辩论，一个坚称相对论是对的，一个坚称量子力学才是对的，两人的辩论堪称是现代物理学的决战紫禁之巅。

在那场会议上，两人谁也没有说服谁，一直到今天两大学派都没有互相服气，因为两个人好像都是对的，然后相对论和量子力学共同建立了人类的现代物理学。

这场会议之所以出名，不止是因为爱因斯坦和波尔的辩论，而是因为参会者的29个人都是当时的科学巨头。

爱因斯坦，洛伦兹，居里夫人，普朗克，波尔，伯恩，海森堡，薛定谔，很多人的名字你甚至不需要当科学家，在课本上都如雷贯耳，太多人类物理学公式都是以这些人的名字命名的。

可以说，没有照片上的这些人，人类物理学能倒退100年。

1927年的索尔维会议，没有一个是中国人。

但是，29个人里面有27个是欧洲人，只有2个是美国人，而且这两个人名不见经传，并没有特别凸出的成绩，最顶级的那批全是欧洲的。

虽然在1890年美国就成了世界第一工业强国，但美国长期盛行反智主义和实用主义，科学实力极弱。

1927年的人类科学中心在欧洲，而欧洲的科学中心在德国，美国被当时的欧洲人称为人类科学的盐碱地。

美国人知道科学家的重要，但是其本国就是培养不出来，科学家的数量和其人口及经济实力完全不成正比。

今天的美国人都有一大堆人相信地球是平的，可想而知其教育体系到底是个什么鬼东西。

那为什么今天的美国科学实力那么强？

因为二战的时候整个欧洲都被打烂了，美国趁机利用自己安定和平的环境招揽了大量欧洲科学家，二战胜利后又强抢了德国一大批顶级科学家。

说这话，是有证据的。

二战时最恐怖的武器就是原子弹，为美国发明原子弹的科学家功不可没。

那么，让美国能发明出原子弹的科学家，都是哪来的？

美国制造原子弹的曼哈顿计划，奔走呼吁人是核能领域两大顶级专家爱因斯坦和西拉德，给美国总统罗斯福写信导致曼哈顿计划成立的那封著名的信，就是爱因斯坦和西拉德联名写的，史称“爱因斯坦—西拉德之信”。

阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，德国籍犹太人著名物理学家，1933年移居到美国。

利奥·西拉德，匈牙利著名物理学家，1938年移居到美国。

恩利克·费米，意大利著名物理学家，1938年移居到美国，为美国制造出了人类第一台可控核反应堆，被称之为人类“原子能之父”。

可以说，主持和实施曼哈顿工程的基本都是美国人，但原理和核心科技的来源，以及模型架构，都是从欧洲跑过来的那批科学家提供的，连这个工程也是欧洲跑过来的科学家促成的。

而人类首次发现核裂变的科学家，是哈恩和拉斯曼，一个是德国人，一个是奥地利人。

而曼哈顿工程的启动时间，是1942年。

火箭和雷达技术，也是二战时的欧洲先发明的。

可以说，即便遍布欧洲的战火导致了大量科学家流失到美国，当时欧洲的科学实力依然高出美国一大截。

事实上，德国战败前夕也已经快把自己的原子弹造出来了，慢美国一步主要是因为人力物力不足，也没有美国那么安定和平的后方。

但德国在一战失败后的短短10年就再成地球一霸，以一国之力挑战全世界的同时还发明出了V2火箭，且差点造出原子弹，你可想而知德国当时的科学实力到底有多强。

当时所谓的“基础知识”都是欧洲人在搞，什么原子，电子，量子力学，相对论，发明人都是欧洲培养出来的，其中德国人最多。

而美国人当时能拿的出手的科学研究成果几乎一个都没有，能值得称赞的只有铁路建设和福特汽车，整个就是一人类工厂，很土。

二战胜利后，美国第一时间制定出了“回形针计划”，倾全力抢夺德国科学家。

苏联回过神来也制定了“奥赛瓦根行动”，开始抢德国科学家，但最顶级的那批已经被美国先下手为强了。

德国1600多名顶级科学家及其家属，被美军特殊部门紧急运往美国。

其中大多数科学家都是为德军服务的，很多属于纳粹战犯，但只要这些科学家同意为美国工作，那一律直接赦免战犯身份。

著名的钱学森当时就跟随导师冯·卡门一起参与了“回形针行动”，负责甄别火箭领域的德国科学家，后来为美国设计出人类最大火箭的冯·布劳恩就是钱学森“收编”的。

亚瑟·鲁道夫，德国火箭计划的领导者，同时也是多拉集中营的主要管理者，在他的命令下有6万多名囚犯被压榨到了极致，每天工作14个小时赶制火箭。

在鲁道夫的管理下，6万囚犯在2年时间里死了2万人。

根据冯·布劳恩的供述，亚瑟·鲁道夫是一个坚定的纳粹分子，是反犹太的狂人。

美国的档案记录中，对鲁道夫的记录为：

“百分百纳粹分子、极度危险人物、建议逮捕”

但是当鲁道夫愿意为美国效力后，所有的罪行被一笔勾销，鲁道夫从顶级纳粹战犯摇身一变成了美国“潘兴”导弹和“土星五号”火箭项目的主要负责人之一，加入了美国籍，后来还被授予了美国宇航局杰出服务奖章，安享晚年。

美国的这种态度，让纳粹科学家全部心甘情愿的为美国出力，大幅提升了美国的科学实力，但违背了美国自己提出的所谓仁义道德。

二战前，美国是世界工业中心，科学盐碱地。

二战后，美国直接成为了人类的科学中心，科学领域的实力直接来了个三级跳。

因为吸收外界科学家提升自身实力速度太快太爽，美国迷恋上了这种感觉。

二战后，美国制定了政策，专门吸引外国的科学家入籍美国，同时在全球大肆鼓吹“科学无国界”。

科学无国界这句话是巴甫洛夫说的，但人家说这句话的时候，下一句是“但科学家有国界的”。

不过美国只强调前一句，选择性忽略下一句，在全球大肆宣传。

再加上美国的优势地位，巨大的经济优势和军事优势，以及给科学家提供的优厚条件，而基础科学又是非常烧钱且短期见不到回报的，只有经济强国能搞，很多科学家就真的这么到美国去了。

目前美国的高端科学家里，一代移民，也就是连自己出生地都不在美国的，高达一半以上，如果算上三代以内的移民，那美国绝大部分顶级科学家都是外国移民。

科学家很珍贵，科学家的后代也很珍贵。

智商不能完全遗传，高智商父母的后代大概率不如自己，但985父母的孩子有10%的概率也能上985，这就代表虽然科学家90%的后代都不行，但也有10%能堪比父辈，积年累月下来这也是一个很庞大的数字。

这就是美国二战后为什么科学如此繁荣的原因。

自己培养不出来顶级科学家没关系，全球吸收即可。

2021年诺贝尔奖，全球10名获奖者其中7人是美国籍，这确实是事实。

但还有另一个数据，这7个美国获奖者，其中6个人是外国移民，其中5个还是一代移民。

这就是美国吸收移民的成果，美国50年代修改的移民法中对精英移民极其欢迎，只要能证明自己是专业精英，可以不考虑其国籍、资历和年龄，一律优先允许入境。

美国反移民，反的是没钱没技术的低素质移民，对于有钱有技术的高素质移民，美国从来都是欢迎的。

美国的立国之基是孤立主义和实用主义，凭科学翻身这一条从来就不在美国的文化之中。

那么，从美国变成人类科学中心的历史经验中，我们能学到什么？

美国能有今天的科学地位，最大的原因是他二战打赢了，美国科学界一切的蜕变都是从二战开始的。

而二战前的美国，虽然土，虽然只是个工业中心，但是实用主义带来的工业基础真的是没话说。

1939年，美国工业产值为全球38.7%，并拥有全球半数以上的黄金储备。

这东西有啥用呢？

1939年，美国陆军仅3个步兵师和1个骑兵师，总兵力不足10万人，坦克只有300辆。

1945年，美国陆军航空队拥有10万架飞机，战机的数量比开战前的总兵力还多，陆军总人数更是突破了1000万。

这就是美国工厂全面启动后的威力。

科学家们不瞎，跑也会跑个好国家。

美国这庞大的硬实力，是二战时大量欧洲科学家选择去美国避难的最主要原因，也是二战后美国抢夺德国科学家的资格来源。

所以说默默发展自己实力，尽量不参与大战，不断强化对外籍顶级人才的吸引力，以拖待变，这就是美国当年大翻身的秘密。

而这每一项，都是我们现在正在逐渐推进的事情。

只要不断坚持做这个事，等一个机会，下一个的人类科学中心，就是中国。

毕竟我们国家至少不会培养出那么多相信地平论的人，科学底子比美国好得多，工业基础和军事实力也不差，且越来越强。

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What are the reasons for the development of science and technology in Europe and the United States?欧美科技发达的原因是什么?

欧美科技发达的原因是什么?

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