Of the 5 people closest to God in the world, China has three of them alone, and the first Confucius will call him a teacher

5. Guiguzi (China·Warring States Period)

How magical is Guiguzi? He is known as a strange person through the ages and founded the Guigu school. Mr. Guigu is an encyclopedic figure. His wisdom has educated Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Shang Yang, Lu Buwei, Li Mu and many other influential figures! Guiguzi's only book "Guiguzi" also had a great influence on later generations, and it is still considered an important ancient book on tactics. How old did Guiguzi live? This is the biggest mystery. He spanned from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty. No one knows its origin and its ending.

4. Wang Mang (the end of the Western Han Dynasty in China)

The New Deal measures announced by Wang Mang are very similar to the socialist reforms of later generations. It is these reform measures that make some people feel that he is more like traveling from modern times to the past. He nationalized the land in the world, collectively referred to as "Wang Tian", and distributed it uniformly, prohibiting the sale and acquisition of land. He also freed the slaves, and they were not allowed to buy or sell them; he also carried out several rounds of currency reform, and issued a lot of this kind of worthless money. Wang Mang's rebellion came suddenly, and the regime disappeared quickly. The hasty coming and going seemed like an addiction. Although this experience was short, Wang Mang did many incredible things, making people feel that he is a man who traveled to the Han Dynasty. modern man.

3. Nikola Tesla (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Some people say that he predicted the first and second world wars; some people say that he foresaw the sinking of the Titanic; Electromagnetism can be used to travel through time and space; some people say that the FBI hangs his photo at the top of the secret building. Nikola Tesla had the genius to understand electricity, machinery, and even light. He was single all his life, forgot to sleep and eat, and devoted all his attention to scientific inventions instead of making money and other material pursuits.

2. Da Vinci (Italy)

Da Vinci's life can be said to be open, and he has significant achievements in the fields of astronomy, physics, optics, meteorology, medicine, biology, anatomy, botany, geology, geography, invention, civil engineering, etc. Achievement. Einstein believed that if Da Vinci's scientific research results were published at that time, technology could advance half a century. He is best known as a painter. Through his notes and paintings, many of us in modern times can get a glimpse of Da Vinci's fanaticism through various scientific techniques, content analysis, and research and investigation. It is said that the famous painter Leonardo Da Vinci does not need to sleep all night, as long as he sleeps for 15-20 minutes every 4 hours. In this way, I only sleep about 2 hours a day, leaving a lot of time for creation, and can maintain abundant energy.

1. Laozi (China · Late Spring and Autumn Period)

Who is Lao Tzu's last name? Which country are you from? Some say that Laozi’s surname is Li Minger, some say that Laozi is Laodan, and some say that Laozi is Laolaizi. As for the place of birth, there are at least 20 kinds of classics that have made different descriptions of Laozi's birthplace. How old is Lao Tzu? Some historical materials say that Lao Tzu lived to be 101 years old. Some historical materials also say that Lao Tzu is missing, and some say that he is 160-200 years old. Where did I go? Some say that Lao Tzu died at home, but there are also historical records that Lao Tzu disappeared after leaving Hangu Pass on a green bull. Later, some Taoists said that he attained Taoism and ascended to immortality, and others said that he went to India to enlighten Sakyamuni.

Lao Tzu did not write words all his life, but when he left Hangu Pass, he dictated five thousand words of the "Tao Te Ching" in three days. This "Tao Te Ching" not only established Laozi's supreme philosophical status, but also established Laozi's supreme literary status. Confucius, the most holy teacher, worshiped Lao Tzu as his teacher twice, and lamented that Lao Tzu's dragon sees the head but does not see the end. Let Confucius sigh so much, how high is Lao Tzu's knowledge? Later generations even came up with a common saying based on this sentence: Lao Tzu is number one in the world.

Zhuangzi's eternal mystery to Confucius, the sorrow of the world

In the books of the sages, there are often details that people often don't care about. But when we care about it and understand it, our hearts will feel like dense needle pricks, and the faint pain will immediately spread.

For example, "It is such a pleasure to have friends come from afar" at the beginning of "The Analects of Confucius", which is so simple that everyone seems to understand it. But an old man said, how sad Confucius felt in his heart when he said this, because it meant that he didn't even have a friend around him, and he had to wait for someone from a long distance to come before he could be happy.

If you understand Confucius' down-and-out life and the deep sorrow, you will know that this statement is credible. It's a pity that there are too few caring people who are so considerate. Thousands of years are all the distant places that the sages have been waiting for.

There is such a lonely person as Zhuangzi. And Zhuangzi's loneliness is also entangled with Confucius, forever inseparable.

The person who appears the most in Zhuangzi is none other than Confucius. How many? Unbelievable degree.

According to the statistics of Taiwanese Taoist scholar Chen Guying, in the 33 chapters of "Zhuangzi", Confucius appeared 85 times. Even in the seven articles written by Zhuangzi himself, it has reached 10 times. What kind of concept is this? Zhuangzi's most respected Lao Tzu appeared only 3 times, the second most respected Yan Hui also appeared 3 times, Liezi, who is also a Taoist master, only appeared 2 times, his good friend Hui Shi only appeared 3 times, even himself only appeared 3 times Second-rate.

It's either true love or true hate. But neither seems to be, and both are. Confucius, as an allegorical figure in Zhuangzi, appears as the object of criticism, ridicule, and teaching when he is unbearable, and as the spokesperson of Taoism who masters the Dao when he is brilliant. Why does Zhuangzi care so much about Confucius and why is he so special? Many people have noticed this over the past two thousand years, but no one has given a convincing answer.

This is an eternal mystery.

And if we can be as considerate as the old gentleman, the mystery may not be so difficult to solve.

In Zhuangzi's eyes and heart, Confucius has three faces. The answer lies in these three aspects. We only talk about the narration in the seven chapters, which is Zhuangzi's most direct and true attitude.

The first type of Confucius is the opposite of Zhuangzi. He is the "Heaven's Killer of People" and "Heaven's Villain" in "The Great Master", and he is the person who has been "sentenced by the sky" in "De Chongfu". From the perspective of heaven, he is the so-called person trapped in a choice The mental disability of morality, ignorance and no trade-offs of the way of heaven, has a great impact on "Qiwulun" that "sages do not engage in business, do not seek benefits, do not violate harm, do not like to seek, do not follow the Tao, are meaningless and meaningful, and have meaning and meaningless, And the realm of "walking beyond the dust and dirt" can only be understood by "how can Qiu know it!" There is no level of understanding and knowledge. This points to the real Confucius in history.

The second kind of Confucius stands side by side with Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi once proposed two most important methods for cultivating the Tao, both of which were proposed through Confucius, and both appeared in the master-student dialogue between Confucius and Yan Hui, and the master and the disciple stood on the same side. Zhuangzi is very fond of Yan Hui, who is "a sack of food, a ladle of drink, in a back alley. People are overwhelmed by their worries, and they will never change their joy when they come back." Whenever he is mentioned, he is only praised but not criticized. Confucius is Yan Hui's favorite. Dear people.

These two methods, one is "heart fasting" in "Human World", "If you have a will, if you don't listen to it with your ears, you can listen to it with your heart; if you don't listen to it with your heart, you can listen to it with your breath! Listening stops at the ear, and the heart Stop at the talisman. Those who are qi are those who are empty and treat things. Only the Tao gathers the emptiness. The emptiness is also the heart." The mind is single-minded, close the senses and experience it with the heart, and then use the breath to sense it, and finally enter the road. The emptiness and tranquility of the qi make the heart clear, this is Xin Zhai.

The other is "Zuo Wang" in "The Great Master". The fetters of separation of breath and calculation, forgetting the body first and then forgetting the mind, and finally being able to enter the state of the great channel, this is sitting and forgetting.

Zhuangzi's words on cultivating the Tao are very few, so they are very precious. However, such precious words are all entrusted to Confucius, and they are completely inconsistent with the real Confucius. What does this mean? It can only show that this is the Confucius that Zhuangzi hoped for. And the reason why there is such a hope must be because he feels that Confucius is possible to do it, at least he has such potential, and he is not hopeless and hopeless like those fools in the world.

Regarding this point, perhaps when we think of the words in "The Analects of Confucius" that "there is a way in the world, there is a way, and there is no way, then it is hidden", "the way is not good, swim in the sea on a tree", think of Confucius asking his disciples about their ambitions, and finally deeply agree with Zeng The point of "those in late spring, spring clothes are ready, five or six crowned, six or seven boys, bathing in Yi, dancing in the wind, singing and returning", the similarity with Zhuangzi's feelings may be relieved.

However, Zhuangzi's two diametrically opposed attitudes towards Confucius seem to be too jumpy and abrupt. As a transition in the middle, it is the third aspect of Confucius. That is also the saddest part, where Chuang Tzu fell in love with Confucius.

In "Human World", there is such a fable that Confucius traveled around the world and came to Chu, where he met a madman from Chu, Jieyu. Some scholars believe that Zhuangzi’s ancestors were from Chu, and because there are many Chu languages in the text, and the writing has the same brilliant imagination as Qu Yuan, then Jieyu here is not only Zhuangzi’s fellow villager, but also his incarnation and spokesperson.

When Jieyu passed by Confucius' gate, he sang a song to him:

Fengxi Fengxi, how is the decline of virtue!

You can't wait for the next life, and you can't chase the past.

There is a way in the world, and a sage will become a sage;

There is no way in the world, and there is no way for saints to live.

At this time, only punishment is exempted.

Blessing is as light as a feather, and Mo Zhizhi carries it;

Misfortune is so serious that no one knows how to avoid it.

It's almost already, be kind to others!

Almost almost, painting the ground and trending!

Lost in the sun, lost in the sun, I will do it without harm!

But the song is the song, it doesn't hurt my feet!

Phoenix, phoenix, why is your virtue declining! The next life cannot be expected, and the past life cannot be recalled. If there is a way in the world, a sage can accomplish his career; if there is no way in the world, a sage can only save his life. In today's time, we can only ask for freedom from punishment. Happiness is lighter than a feather, and I don't know how to pluck it; disaster is heavier than the earth, and I don't know how to avoid it. Forget it, forget it, stop talking about virtues! Dangerous, dangerous, go on like this! Thorns, thorns, don't hinder your walk! Turn the corner, turn the corner, don't stab yourself in the foot!

This is the true portrayal of Confucius who traveled around the world to promote benevolence, rituals and music, hoping to reproduce the era of the three emperors and five emperors, revive the prosperity of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and pass it on to the ages, but he got nothing and was like a bereaved dog. Confucius' life was "doing what he knew he couldn't do." His life was nothing but failure, his state of mind was just loneliness, but he died nine times without regret. I have always been obsessed with the dialogue between Lao Tzu and Confucius in the movie "Confucius", which pierced the sad but persevering heart of Confucius:

Laozi: Confucius, in today’s world, Wang Gang is out of order and the world is chaotic, but do you still want to go your own way and promote ritual, music, benevolence and righteousness?

Confucius: Qiu is ashamed, he has achieved nothing.

Lao Tzu: Then simply give up. Those who are famous and noble are also public utensils and cannot live for a long time.

Confucius: Where should the disciple go? After all, he can’t hang on the lintel of the door like a gourd, which is useless in the world.

Lao Tzu: Useless, An Zhi is not very useful. If we are weak, we will live, if we are soft, we will survive. Nothing in the world is weaker than water;

Confucius: Mr. Min speaks big and righteously, but my way is consistent. Mr. Tao is invisible to elephants, detached from things, not limited to the world. And my way is in the world.

Lao Tzu: Then don’t worry about the world’s misunderstandings. Rich people give gold to others, but I don't have gold, so I will give you these few words.

Zhuangzi also has the same deep sympathy and sincere advice for Confucius as Laozi. "Chu Kuang Jieyu Song" appeared at the end of "Human World", which means human life, what is the ending? "Mountain trees are invaded by themselves, and ointments are fried by fire. Osmanthus is edible, so cut it; paint is useful, so cut it. Everyone knows the useful use, but no one knows the useless use."

Mountain trees, anointing oil, osmanthus, and lacquer trees are all useful for people, and they are felled, tortured, eaten, and cut with knives, just like the real experience of Confucius who sought usefulness for the world. The true meaning of "softness survives".

But why did Zhuangzi, who is cold and stern, have such affection for Confucius? Because what Confucius was facing was exactly what he was facing! They are all in an era when rites are collapsing, music is ruining, killings are incessant, and people are dying. If they want to be useful in the world, they will not be able to. Confucius chose to face up to difficulties by "knowing what is impossible and doing it", but Zhuangzi chose to retreat helplessly by "knowing what is impossible to do and be content with life" and "supporting the middle as a last resort". I was forced out by the times, and I can only seek my own paradise in my heart, and there are many unspeakable pains in it.

Maybe it's not that Zhuangzi and Laozi are willing to retreat, but because of the times, according to their temperament and ideals, they have to retreat. People of that era, no matter Confucianism or Taoism, were doomed to face the same helplessness and sadness, and Confucius' failure to do so was even more tragic. So, how could Zhuangzi and Laozi not have a sympathetic pity for Confucius?

The most interesting thing is that Zhuangzi used Jieyu's mouth to call Confucius "Phoenix". What does phoenix mean? "Historical Records" records that Confucius saw Lao Tzu, and when he came back, he said to his disciples, "Lao Tzu is like a dragon", seeing the head but not the tail, and the dragon and the phoenix are opposite, like Yin and Yang. Zhuangzi also said in "Autumn Waters" that the phoenix: "is born in the South China Sea, but flies in the North Sea; it is not a sycamore tree, but it does not eat, and it does not drink from a sweet spring." This is a kind that can span the north and the south. A bird that perches, does not eat anything other than bamboo, and does not drink anything other than sweet springs. Laozi is Zhuangzi's teacher, and the phoenix is the symbol of Zhuangzi's nobility. Isn't this enough to explain Zhuangzi's attitude?

Therefore, Zhuangzi treats Confucius as a friend at least in his heart. Some of his criticisms and praises, some scoldings and some praises, are just his temper, which is the truth of his feelings. That's how he treats his friends.

For example, for his only friend Hui Shi, from the beginning of "Xiaoyaoyou" he was ridiculed for being "clumsy in using big things", to the "Heavenly Chosen Son" in "De Chong Fu" who is only known for thinking about love, but does not know how to develop the spiritual realm. "Zi Yijian Bai Ming" severely reprimanded him, and then satirized him in "Autumn Water" because he was afraid that Zhuangzi came to Liang Guo to rob him of his phase, just like an owl afraid of a phoenix robbing its rotten mouse, and in "An Zhi In the debate on "Yu Le", he made fun of "I know Hao Shang Ye"...Hui Shi was the person who was ridiculed the most by Chuang Tzu and humiliated the most.

And what is Zhuangzi's true feelings for Huishi? Huishi died more than 20 years earlier than Zhuangzi. According to the "Xu Wugui", once Zhuangzi passed Huishi's tomb and turned around and told his followers a fable: A man in Ying splashed a little mud as thin as a fly's wing on himself. on the tip of his nose, and had a mason chip it off for him. The stonemason swung his big ax to blow the wind, and the mud spots disappeared without any damage to his nose. Song Yuanjun was very surprised when he heard about this incident, so he asked the mason to perform, but the mason refused. He said, I used to be able to cut, but the person who can rest assured that I can cut is dead, I have no opponent anymore, and I can't do it anymore.

Immediately afterwards, Zhuangzi lamented: "Since the death of my master, I have nothing to say, and I have nothing to say." Since Huizi's death, I have no such opponent, and I have no one to talk to.

This is one of the saddest stories I have ever heard, the deep loneliness and deep feelings, needless to say. Chuang Tzu is just hot-tempered and straightforward, but in his heart, Hui Shi, no matter how many deficiencies he has, no matter how he treats him, is a person who can really talk to each other spiritually.

Confucius is a person who can talk emotionally. Zhuangzi, Confucius, when we go back to their people, how many of them are reluctant to talk. And throughout the ages, how many people understand it?

Each of us, why not?

This is the sad color and background color of the world.

And it is precisely because of the sad gray as the background and foil that those different colors are more colorful and magnificent, just like the warm red of Confucius and the cold blue of Zhuangzi.

The world is gray, but it is just right for painting.

"The sky does not give birth to Zhongni, and eternity is like a long night." Confucius, a great thinker, statesman, and educator in ancient China, was also the founder of the Confucian school. Its theory has influenced the development of China for thousands of years. "Book", "Li", "Yue", preface "Book of Changes", and "Spring and Autumn", advocated "ritual" and "benevolence", advocated "government with virtue", and governing the country with morality and propriety is the most noble The way of governing the country, this kind of humanitarianism and spirit of order is the essence of ancient Chinese social and political thought, so he was also honored by the rulers of later generations as the sage of Confucius, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy man of Dacheng, the first teacher of Wenxuan Wang, the teacher of all ages, and even more It is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".

In order to commemorate his achievements to human society, the emperors of all dynasties in our country have the habit of offering sacrifices to Confucius. The famous three holes (Confucius Mansion, Confucian Temple, and Confucian Forest) are not only national key cultural relics protection units, but also world cultural heritage and national AAAAA-level tourist attractions. In addition, Nishan, his birthplace, also has Confucian temples and academies , are all national key cultural relics protection units, and besides the Nishan Confucian Temple, a new scenic spot has been built in recent years - the Nishan Holy Land. An integrated cultural and tourism complex.

During the activities of visiting Jining, we were fortunate to come to this large-scale cultural and tourism complex. We not only visited its advanced modern hardware facilities, but also appreciated its cultural connotation of "Confucius's world, Confucius in the world". In the hall, there are various performances centering on the Confucian Confucian culture, such as the way of the university, drums and sheng, the return of benevolence under heaven, and respect to the ancestors. ".

The so-called "golden sound and jade vibration" comes from the sentence in "Mencius Ten Thousand Chapters" that "those who have gathered great achievements have golden sounds and jade vibrations". The original meaning of "Jinsheng" refers to the sound made by an ancient musical instrument bell; "Yuzhen" is the sound made by an ancient musical instrument chime. In ancient times, playing music started with beating the bell and ended with beating the chime. "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" compared Confucius' thought to a perfect piece of music, and praised Confucius for collecting the great achievements of ancient sages. Throughout the performance, the scene changes beautifully. The perfect combination of Chinese classical art forms such as poetry, music, and dance and contemporary art techniques deduces the process of Confucius' "from ordinary to holy". Being in it, one can deeply feel the ritual The elegant lifestyle makes people feel a lingering beauty.

"Jinsheng Yuzhen" is divided into three chapters and nine chapters, the three chapters are "Wind", "Ya" and "Song", and the nine chapters are "The Beginning of Taihuang", "Enlightenment and Wisdom", "Youth Ribbon". "Reading", "Gentlemen's Crowning", "Great Wedding Ceremony", "Learning Rites and Cultivating Virtue", "Regulating the Family", "Returning to the Hometown of Glory", and "The Great Achievement of Sages", what I want to tell is "Confucius' world" and "the world's Confucius". Next, please follow Yufan's lens to enjoy it together.

【The beginning of the wilderness】

The beginning of the wild is the beginning of this performance. The cool stage and lighting effects bring people's attention from the mythical stories of Pangu opening the sky and Nuwa creating man to the stage scene. Wa, have brought great visual shock to people, this chapter is relatively short, but extremely exciting.

【Enlightenment enlightenment】

Enlightenment and enlightenment are the starting point of life and the beginning of enlightenment. At this time, Confucius was like other children, innocent, like a blank sheet of paper; enthusiastic and unrestrained, like the rising sun; unscrupulous, like a newborn calf. If left alone, those who are close to vermilion are red and those who are close to ink are black. Through enlightenment with a sense of ritual, children can start to enter the school, learn culture, restrain their minds, and start a long way to study.

【Juvenile Riding Reading】

Juvenile teaching means that under the teaching of the teacher, Confucius constantly enriches the knowledge he has dabbled in, absorbs the excellent culture of his predecessors, constantly enriches his brain, and allows himself to understand self-cultivation, family harmony, The principle of governing the country and pacifying the world.

【Gentlemen crowned】

Men's crowning is the "adult ceremony" in ancient times. The ancients hoped to use this ceremony to warn children that you have learned something, you should take up your own responsibilities, and you should use what you have learned and thought to repay the society. . After ten years of hard work and thick accumulation, Confucius has grown into an adult. It is said that Confucius was nine feet six inches tall at this time, and he was called a "elder man" by the world.

【Big Wedding Ceremony】

In 533 BC, the twelfth year of King Jing of Zhou and the ninth year of Duke Zhao of Lu, Confucius married Qi Guan, a daughter of Song Dynasty, and held a wedding ceremony. In the tenth year of Lu Zhaogong, Confucius gave birth to a son. Because Lu Zhaogong gave Confucius a carp, he named it carp, and the word Boyu. This year Confucius began to serve as a commissioner! He also formally entered the society from the learning stage and began to assume more family and social responsibilities.

【Practice etiquette and morality】

I don’t quite understand this chapter. It is said that he should have made some achievements. He started to practice his own virtues, so that he can become a person full of positive energy, so that he can continue to influence and educate more people around him. But what we saw was the practice of horseback riding and archery. Of course, Yu Fan may have misremembered this.

523 BC, the 22nd year of King Jing of Zhou, and the 19th year of Duke Zhao of Lu. Confucius learned the piano from Xiangzi. Xiangzi said: "Although I take beating the chime as my official, I can still play the qin. Today, I have learned the qin, and I can benefit from it." Confucius said: "Qiu has not yet got the number." There was a room and said: "Have learned the qin." The number can be beneficial." Confucius said: "Qiu has not obtained his aspirations yet." Sometime, he said: "Have learned his aspirations, it can be beneficial."...

【Let the Family Rule the World】

Family governance means that after a person has greater rights and responsibilities, he can manage a family as small as he manages a country, through the accumulation of knowledge in the first half of his life, practicing etiquette and morality, and finally through his own perception and experience, promote The family and the country are constantly moving forward in a positive direction. At this time, Confucius has begun to travel around the world, constantly spreading his Confucianism to people.

【Return to hometown】

In the eleventh year of Duke Ai of Lu, Ji Kangzi welcomed Confucius back to Lu with generous coins. Since then, Confucius left Lu and traveled around the world for 14 years. No senior officials were given to him, but Confucius didn't care about these things at this time. During the 14 years when Confucius traveled around the world, Confucius wanted to understand one thing. The rise and fall of a country or among princes is an unchanging truth, and being an official can only save the world for a while. To restore ritual and music, it is very difficult for him alone. So he devoted himself to writing books and handing them down to the world to educate the world.

【Sages and Great Accomplishments】

The master said: "I have five out of ten, and I am determined to learn. At thirty, I stand up. At forty, I am not confused. At fifty, I know the destiny. At sixty, my ears are compliant. At seventy, I follow my heart's desire and do not exceed the rules." In 479 BC, Lu In the sixteenth year of Duke Ai, on the eleventh day of the fourth month of the Zhou calendar, Confucius died of bedtime illness for seven days. Duke Ai of Lu said, "If you don't hang on to the sky, you don't want to leave an old man behind, so that Pingyu can reign alone. I feel guilty for being alone." , Alas! Nifu! No self-discipline." Buried on Bei Si in Lucheng (now Qufu). There are more than a hundred disciples and Lu people who went to their homes from the tomb, because they were named Kongli. And the former residence of Confucius was changed into a temple, and Confucius' clothes and piano books were stored in the hall. Since then, it has been enshrined every year. The Confucian Temple, Confucian Mansion, and Confucian Forest in Qufu today, the so-called "Three Confucianisms", were founded here.

postscript:

The whole performance, which lasted about one hour, vividly interprets the process of Confucius from birth to death, "from ordinary people to saints". The whole performance perfectly interweaves rituals and music Together, the ritual sense of music strengthens the Mingli way of life, and strengthens the ideological principle of "If you don't learn rituals, you can't stand". At the end, the Confucian classic aphorisms were recited in unison. The scene was very spectacular and unforgettable.

In 1789, the French Revolution broke out, and the revolutionary leader Robespierre issued the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen". The manifesto reads "Liberty is the right of all to do everything that does not injure the rights of others. Its principles are nature, its rules are justice, its safeguards are laws, and its morals are limited by the following maxim: , do not do it to others."

In this way, one of the sources of the so-called "freedom" and "democracy" in the West - the French Revolution defined "freedom" as "do unto others what you would not have done to yourself".

Voltaire highly praised "Confucius is a real sage". He hung a statue of Confucius at home for more than 20 years. Voltaire said in "On Confucius": "No legislator has announced to the world more than Confucius. A more useful truth—"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you", he took "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" as his "motto" and called on everyone to take it as his "motto". He said, "'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,' is the purest morality beyond Christianity." Voltaire obeyed the theory of Confucius, and changed the portrait of Jesus into a statue of Confucius. He worshiped in the morning and evening, and even wrote poems to praise the cloud: Confucius, the interpreter of truth, he made the world not confused and developed people's hearts. He said that the way of a sage is by no means The way of the prophet, so there are people who believe in him, both in this country and abroad.

Not just flattering, but dedicated to Confucius for twenty years.

Through the Confucian classics translated and introduced by the Jesuits, especially the publication of "Confucius the Chinese Philosopher", and the "Controversy over Etiquette", Confucius came into the vision of European thinkers. More importantly, Confucius and his Confucianism became an important source of thought in the Enlightenment.

Confucius came into the vision of European philosophy at the right time, just in time to meet the vigorous Enlightenment Movement in Europe. This is a great cultural encounter and a major cultural event in the history of world culture. American Sinologist Herrlee Glessner Creel pointed out: "As we all know, when the enlightenment of philosophy began, Confucius had become a celebrity in Europe. A large number of philosophers include Leibniz, Wolf, Voltaire, and some politicians and literati, all used the name and thought of Confucius to promote their ideas, and they themselves were educated and influenced in the process. The fact of France and Britain is that China, driven by Confucianism, has long since completely abolished Confucianism. Hereditary aristocratic politics, and now Confucianism has become a weapon to attack the hereditary privileges of these two countries. In Europe, the development of democratic ideals in the background of the French Revolution, Confucian philosophy played a very important role. Through French thought, it indirectly profoundly affected the development of American democracy."

Confucianism indeed played a very important role in the Enlightenment and the Great Revolution throughout Europe.

The model of China also served as a model for the social reform programs of Enlightenment thinkers. For example, both Voltaire and Quesnay highly praised China's autocratic system, believing it to be a system of "enlightened monarchy", and they advocated taking China as a model and implementing such an enlightened monarchy in France.

China's Physiocratic economic policy, single agricultural tax system, education and imperial examination system, establishment of admonishment officials, construction of water conservancy, rule of virtue, etc., are all praised and admired by enlightenment thinkers, and they hope to learn practical lessons from China's political culture experience and wisdom. French sinologist Paul Demiéville pointed out: "China is one of the main sources of the 'enlightenment philosophy' that prepared the mind for the French Revolution."

Rationalism was a banner of Enlightenment thinkers. Distinguishing between "reason" and "faith" and using rationalism to criticize obscurantism and fideism are the main characteristics of the Enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century.

Not only that, but "rationality" has become their basic principle of thought, the standard of truth and the measure of value for them to test and measure everything. The Enlightenment's ethos of reason, according to many researchers, originated at least in part in China. Fang Hao, for example, believes that "the source of this movement is actually more in China than in Greece."

This may make many people who kneel and lick the so-called freedom and democracy in the West and crazily smear Confucianism are equivalent to slapping themselves

They found that the ethical and moral authority in Chinese culture does not come from the revelation of "God", but from a person's own "conscience" and "good ability". It was this kind of discovery that enabled the Enlightenment thinkers to see the light of reason to criticize Christian theology from the Chinese culture introduced into Europe, and found the ideological weapon to destroy the authority of Christian theology.

German scholar Adolf Reichwein pointed out when analyzing the influence of Chinese Confucianism in the Enlightenment Movement: "Confucius became the patron saint of the Enlightenment in the 18th century... Throughout the first half of the 18th century, Confucius became the center of interest in Europe. "American scholar Adolf Reichwein also pointed out: For Enlightenment thinkers, "Confucius is the patron saint of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. to the West".

Of course, there is also a faction in Europe, that is, the "Eurocentrism" represented by Hegel, which does not agree with the admiration of Confucius. He respected Lao Tzu's thoughts even more. And his systematic translation plagiarized some of Lao Tzu's expositions. And smear China everywhere.

751 years ago, a man named Kong Qiu was born in the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was this man named Kong Qiu, who was later honored as the sage of Confucius and Confucius, who pioneered the education of the Chinese nation.

Before Confucius, there was almost no concept of education in the whole of China. The spread of knowledge was limited to princes, royal families and dignitaries, and ordinary people had no chance of education at all.

As the first educator in Chinese history, Confucius opened the first private school, initiated civilian education, advocated teaching without distinction, and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Anyone who is willing to learn can go to Confucius to study. Pass it on to him.

The greatness of Confucius lies in this. He gave ordinary people the opportunity to receive education, so that they are no longer ignorant and ignorant, and have the opportunity to change their destiny. Moreover, Confucius taught without discrimination. In his eyes, there was no distinction between high and low. As long as he was willing to learn, he would teach seriously. The greatest contribution of Confucius to the Chinese people is the enlightenment of thought. He not only taught his disciples to read and write, but also explained the basic laws of the world in detail, so that his disciples knew what the world was like and how they should live.

In order to practice his ideal, Confucius led his disciples to travel around the world to promote and publicize his ideas. Everywhere he went, he made the desperate people realize that there is another way of survival in this world, a kind of dedication. In the state of pursuing thought and wisdom, this has never been done before, and this is the main reason why Confucius still gained many followers despite hitting walls everywhere.

The disciples and followers of Confucius have practiced this kind of thought of Confucius very well. They have opened private schools all over China to teach common people knowledge, so that more common people can read and write, learn knowledge, and change their own destiny. It laid a certain foundation for the imperial examinations of later generations, and this is the foundation of our current education system.

Beginning with Confucius, knowledge finally began to enter the common people from the closed blockade of the powerful and began to circulate. Since then, generations of Confucian disciples, most of them were born in poor families, and it is precisely because of reading that they have completely changed them. Therefore, when it comes to Confucius, the most familiar sentence is: the sky does not give birth to Zhongni, and eternity is like a long night. This is the highest evaluation of Confucius.

Nowadays, many people are criticizing the thoughts of Confucius and Confucianism. In fact, these are very normal, because any kind of thought has the limitations of the times, and it cannot always be applicable to all times.

Confucian educational thought is worth learning and drawing lessons from forever, especially Confucius’ thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which is most worthy of our current parents and teachers to think and study, because every child is different, only teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can make every child Only by teaching students in accordance with their aptitude can each child understand the purpose of learning and the importance of learning, so that they can truly love learning and be willing to learn.

According to the records of our country, we can call out the ancient names of many other countries. For example, Iran was once called Persia, India was once called Tianzhu, Vietnam was once called Annan, and Japan was once called Wa. Of course, this is just a name from our point of view, and they themselves have another name, just like we call ourselves "China" and others call us "China".

China is the common name used by countries in the modern world, so how did they call us in ancient times? This is what Penxia wants to share with you today.

To find this title, it is necessary to find the exact data records.

The name of our country was first recorded in our neighboring country India. In the two famous epics of ancient India - "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana", the name of our country appeared for the first time: Cīna (Sanskrit).

As for the origin of this word, there are many theories, but the prevailing one is that it comes from the transliteration of "Qin". Because the main parts of the above two epics were written around the 4th to 3rd centuries BC. At that time, it happened to be the Warring States Period in my country, and the closest to ancient India was the Qin State in the west. Qin State fought against Xi Rong all the year round, and Xi Rong spread the story of Qin State to the Western Regions and even ancient India, so Qin became the general name of ancient Indians for China. Unexpectedly, this name turned out to be the source of what Westerners called us later.

Between us and the West, the vast Central and Western Asia has always been separated. Therefore, the China that Westerners hear will always be passed down by these people in the middle until the age of great exploration comes.

With the names given to us by ancient India, the Persians called us Cīn, the Arabs called us Sīn, the Romans called us Sinae, and the Greeks called us Serice. With the development of the Silk Road, China has gradually become the "silk" in their eyes.

In the Tang Dynasty, with the prosperity of Buddhism, our country transliterated the name Cīna back, and it was called "Zhina".

"Da Tang Western Regions" records: "The king said: 'Where is the Tang Dynasty? According to the passage, how far is it to go to Sri Lanka?" Confrontation: "When this is tens of thousands of miles to the northeast, the so-called Maha to that country in India is also true. "

This name was also used by Japan to humiliate us after the Sino-Japanese War, calling us "China". In fact, China was originally not a derogatory term, but it became a derogatory term after it was called by Japan. Therefore, now we firmly do not allow others to call us this way.

So, what did Cīna (to that) originally mean?

In ancient India, the word mahā was added before the word Cīna to become Mahācīna, transliterated as "Mahazhina", which means: "Great to that" or "Great to that".

There is also the word sthāna added after Cīna to become Cīnasthāna, which is translated as "Zhendan", "Zhendan", "Zhendan" or "Maha Zhendan" in Buddhist scriptures and Chinese history books, meaning: "China" or " Great China".

That is to say: ancient India called us this way in a commendatory sense, at least not in a derogatory sense.

In the Middle Ages, historians of the Byzantine Empire once called China Taugas, and Islamic literature also called it Tamghaj, Tomghaj or Tohgaj, probably because of the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Russia called us Китай, which is very similar to the pronunciation of "Khitan" (Qitai). The Russian nation was formed relatively late, and all they knew about China were heard from the Mongols. Before the rise of Mongolia , Khitan ruled northern China for more than 200 years.

After the Middle Ages, with the opening of the Portuguese nautical age, they directly recorded China in their nautical diary, which was later translated by British scholars, and the word China officially appeared in English until now.

Today, China is written as Chine in French, China in German, and Cina in Italian, and we call ourselves "China" (as a country name) only after the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

The above are the changes in foreign names for China summarized by Pen Xia. If there are any unknowns, please let the experts add.

If you like the author's style, please give it a thumbs up!

世界上最接近神的5个人，中国独占三人，第一名孔子都要叫他老师

5、鬼谷子（中国·战国时期）

鬼谷子有多神呢？他被誉为千古奇人，创建鬼谷门派，鬼谷先生是百科式人物，他的智慧教育了苏秦、张仪、孙膑、庞涓、商鞅、吕不韦、李牧等众多风云人物！鬼谷子的唯一著作《鬼谷子》也对后世产生了重大影响，现在依然被认为是权谋术的重要古书籍。鬼谷子活了多少岁？才是最大的谜，他从东周跨度到秦朝，无人知其来历，无人知其结局。

4、王莽（中国·西汉末年）

王莽宣布的新政措施很像后世的社会主义改革，正是这些改革措施，让某些人觉得他更像是从现代穿越过去的。他把天下的土地收归国有，统称为“王田”，统一分配，禁止买卖和土地兼并。他又解放奴隶，也不得买卖；他还进行了好几轮币制改革，发行了很多这种不足值的大钱。王莽的造反来得突然，政权也消逝很快，来去匆匆像是过了一把瘾，这段经历虽然短暂，但王莽却做出许多不可思议的事情，让人觉得他就是一个穿越到汉朝的现代人。

3、尼古拉·特斯拉（奥匈帝国）

有人说，他预测出第一次、第二次世界大战；有人说，他预见了泰坦尼克号的沉没；有人说，他制造了通古斯大爆炸，威力是广岛核弹的1000倍；有人说，他可以利用电磁，穿越时空；有人说，FBI将他的照片挂在机密大楼的头号位置。尼古拉·特斯拉拥有了解电力、机械，甚至是光的天才。他一生未婚，废寝忘食，把注意力全都贡献在了科学发明上，而不是赚钱和其他物质上的追求。

2、达芬奇（意大利）

达芬奇的人生可以说是开挂的，在天文学、物理学、光学、气象学、医学、生物学、解剖学、植物学、地质学、地理学、发明、土木工程等领域都有显著的成就。爱因斯坦认为，达·芬奇的科研成果如果在当时就发表的话，科技可以提前半个世纪。他最被人熟知就是画家，透过他的笔记和绘画，我们现代的许多人用各种科学技法，内容分析，研究考察，得以窥见到达·芬奇的狂热。据说著名画家达芬奇不需要整晚睡觉，只要每4小时睡15-20分钟。这样一天下来只睡2小时左右，余下大把的时间从事创作，而且能保持充沛的精力。

1、老子（中国·春秋末期）

老子姓谁名谁？哪个国家的人？有说老子姓李名耳，有说老子是老聃，有说老子是老莱子。而出生的地方，现在至少有20多种典籍对老子的出生地作了不同的描述。老子的年纪有多大？有些史料说，老子活了101岁。也有些史料说老子不知所踪，有的说160~200岁。老子到哪儿去了？有的说老子死在家里，但也有史料说，老子是骑青牛出了函谷关后，不知所终。后来道教有说他得道升仙了，有说他跑到印度去点化释迦牟尼了。

老子一生不立文字，但是在出函谷关的时候，三天时间，就洋洋洒洒口授了五千言的《道德经》。这篇《道德经》，不但一下奠定了老子至高无上的哲学地位，也一下奠定了老子至高无上的文学地位。至圣先师孔子，曾两次拜老子为师，并且感叹老子神龙见首不见尾。让孔子都如此感叹，老子的学问究竟有多高？后世甚至根据这句话，得出了一句俗语：老子天下第一。